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340 NEWSPAPERS Baron Kemeny, the Eon ("Fatherland"), edit- ed by Jokai, and the Pesther Lloyd, in German. In 1868 the total number of journals and sim- ilar periodical publications was 205, 53 being political; 111 were printed in Hungarian, 29 in Slavic languages, 55 in German, 6 in Rou- manian, and 4 in Italian. The first Turkish newspaper appeared in French in 1795, but the actual founder of journalism in Turkey was Alexandre Blacque (father of Blacque Bey, late Turkish minister to the United States), who established at Smyrna in 1825 the Spec- tateur d 1 Orient, which, under its subsequent title of Courrier de Smyrne, exerted consid- erable influence during the Greek revolution. The official journal has appeared in French since 1831 under the title of Moniteur Otto- man, and in Turkish since 1832 under that of Taquimi Vaqdi. The leading Constantinople journals are now the Journal de Constantino- ple in French, the Dyeridei ffavadis in Turk- ish, and the "Levant Herald" and "Levant Times " in English; besides which several other papers in French, Italian, modern Greek, and Armenian are published in various parts of the Ottoman empire. A modern Syrian news- paper has been published by missionary enter- prise since 1850 at Oroomiah. Armenian jour- nals have existed at various periods in Vienna, Venice, Transcaucasia, Calcutta, Madras, and Singapore, some of which are still in existence. The origin of Greek newspapers dates from the national independence. The centre of Greek journalism is Athens. The number of period- icals published in Greece is more than 80, of which about 75 are in the Greek language. The leading political journal of Athens is the Spectateur d" 1 Orient, a semi-monthly journal published there in French since 1852. There are journals published at Syra, and in the Ionian islands ; there are several publications in English and Italian as well as in Greek. Newspapers were established in the Low Coun- tries before they were known in Great Britain, France, or Germany. The earliest appears to have been the Nieuwe TydingJien, published at Antwerp by Abraham Verhoeven in 1605. No copy of this journal anterior to 1619 is now known to exist, and it is somewhat uncertain whether it was from the beginning a regular periodical. It was followed by the Port-Ty- dingJien, which was published between 1637 and 1644, and was the foundation of the Ga- zette van Antwerpen, which continued till 1827. At Brussels at least two newspapers were in existence between 1637 and 1645. The Annales politiques of that city was a famous journal of the last century, and the Austrian govern- ment subscribed for 1,200 copies of it annu- ally. It was so popular that a pirated edition was regularly printed and circulated. The most noted Belgian journals at the present day are the Moniteur beige, the official paper, the Independance beige, an organ of the liberal party, and Le Nord, a Russian organ, published in Brussels, and conducted with much abil- ity. Independent newspapers are the ficho de Bruxelles and the Journal de Belgique, both published at Brussels. Holland has numerous newspapers, but none of much political im- portance. The principal ones are the Han- delsblad of Amsterdam, the Courant of Haar- lem, and the Staats Courant and the Journal de la Haye, both published at the Hague. In proportion to its population, Switzerland has a more productive periodical literature than almost any other European nation; and the Swiss political and general press is especially flourishing. In 1868 there were 375 journals of all classes, of which 246 were printed in German, 116 in French, and 13 in Italian. Most of these papers are circulated in small neighborhoods, discuss local affairs, and have little political influence; but a few, such as Der Bund in Bern, the Neue Zuricher Zeitung, the Journal de Geneve, and the Gazette de Lausanne, are more widely known and read. Peter the Great took a personal part in the establishment of the first Russian journal, published at Moscow in 1703. Journals ap- pearing once or twice a week are published in almost every chief city of the Russian govern- ments ; but the principal seats of Russian jour- nalism are St. Petersburg and Moscow. There is no journal in Russia which corresponds ex- actly to the French Moniteur. The " Gazette of the Senate " is official in regard to the pub- lication of laws, ukases, and other regulations of a strictly administrative character. Other official organs are the Journal de St. Peters- lourg, published in French, for information in regard to the imperial court and to foreign affairs, and the "Northern Post," concerning the interior administration. During the reign of Nicholas the "Northern Bee" had con- siderable influence. The Invalide russe is a semi-official organ in military affairs. The "Police Gazette" of St. Petersburg relates chiefly to police regulations. Among the oth- er daily journals are the " Son of the Father- land," the " St. Petersburg Gazette," and the "Commercial Gazette," which last is pub- lished both in Russian and German ; and the most prominent of them all is the Golos (" The Voice"). The most popular humorous jour- nal is IsTcra ("The Spark"). The principal daily journals of Moscow are the "Russian Messenger," the " Police Gazette," and the " Moscow Gazette," the oldest and most influ- ential political journal of the empire, edited by Katkoff. In the Baltic provinces daily jour- nals are published in German, particularly in Riga. The journals of Finland are published in Swedish, and those of Poland and Lithuania in Polish. Owing to the restrictions on the press, however, the Polish journals of Warsaw and Wilna are insignificant compared with those published in Galicia, such as the Cra- cow Czas ("Times") and the Lemberg Gazeta Narodowa ( " National Gazette"), or in Posen. In Kazan a journal is published in Tartar, in Astrakhan one in Kalmuck. Odessa has daily