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350 NEWTON and Newton sent him the above mentioned tract in strict confidence, requesting him to take it with him and procure its translation and publication in French, anonymously, as is evident ; the object being apparently to ascer- tain the judgment of Biblical critics before bringing it out under his own name in English. Locke abandoned his intention of visiting Hol- land, but sent the manuscript to his friend Le Olerc in that country, who in January of the next year informed Locke that he was about to publish it in Latin. Newton, hearing of this, became alarmed at the risk of detection, and stopped the publication. He left many manuscripts on religious subjects, which have never been published. Besides a Latin dis- sertation on the sacred cubit of the Jews, printed in 1737 among the miscellaneous works of Mr. John Greaves, Newton's only other published religious writings are the four cele- brated letters addressed to Dr. Bentley, first, printed in 1756. They are directed against atheism, and aim to show that matter could never have arrayed itself in its present forms without a divine power being impressed upon it. Except a short tract on the nature of acids, his only chemical paper is one printed in the " Philosophical Transactions" for March and April, 1701, under the title of Scala, Graduum Caloris. It contains a comparative scale of temperatures, from that of melting ice to that of a small kitchen coal fire. To the second English edition of the "Optics" are appended several queries, the 18th and 24th of which contain his opinions in favor of the existence of an elastic ether diffused through all space, " much subtler than air." During the last 20 years of his life, which he spent in London, the charge of his domestic con- cerns, as he was never married, devolved upon his niece, Mrs. Catharine Conduitt. For two or three years prior to 1725 he had been troubled with a disorder of the bladder, ac- companied with cough and gout. In Janu- ary of that year he was seized with a vio- lent cough and inflammation of the lungs, in consequence of which he removed his resi- dence to Kensington, where his health im- proved. From this time the duties of his of- fice at the mint were discharged by Mr. Con- duitt. On Feb. 28, 1727, he went to London to preside at a meeting of the royal society, and became greatly fatigued. His old com- plaint returned with increased violence, and soon proved fatal. He was buried with great pomp in Westminster abbey, where a monu- ment to him was erected in 1731. Though he had accumulated a personal estate worth at his death 32,000, he does not appear to have lived narrowly. He often evinced great generosity; to his relatives in particular he was lavish. He was of medium stature, and in the latter part of his life inclined to cor- pulency. In old age he had a fine head of hair, as white as silver, without any baldness. He never wore spectacles, and it is said he never lost more than one tooth to the day of his death. The house in. which Newton was born was purchased in 1858 by Miss Charlwood of Grantham, to be pulled down, that a scientific college might be erected on its site. His statue was inaugurated at Grantham, Sept. 21, 1858. His dwelling house, with an observatory which he built on the top, still remains in St. Martin's street, London, and is a place of scientific pilgrimage. Besides the first edition of the Principia above noticed, a second was published at Cambridge in 1713, under the superintendence of Cotes, whose correspondence with Newton at the time has been published (London, 1850), under the edi- torship of Mr. Edleston. A third edition ap- peared in London in 1726 (4to), edited by Pemberton; a fourth in 1729 (2 vols. 8vo), Englished by Motte ; and a fifth in 1730 (2 vols. 8vo). Several editions have been published on the continent, the most famous of which is the Jesuits' edition (4 vols. 4to, Geneva, 1739-'42), republished in Glasgow under the editorship of Wright (4 vols. 8vo, 1822). A Latin transla- tion of the " Optics," by Dr. Clarke, appeared in 1706 (4to), for which Newton presented the translator with 500. Many other edi- tions have been published. Of his " Universal Arithmetic" there are several editions, both English and continental. The " Optical Lec- tures" appeared in 1728; "Fluxions," with a commentary, in 1736. His principal works were collected by Bishop Horsley (5 vols. 4to, London, 1779-'85). His communications to the royal society are comprised in vols. vii. to xi. of the " Transactions." See Sir David Brew- ster's "Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton " (2 vols., 1855 ; new ed., revised by W. T. Lynn, 1875). NEWTON, John, an English clergyman, born in London, July 24, 1725, died there, Dec. 81, 1807. While a boy he accompanied his father, who was master of a ship, to the Mediterra- nean, and subsequently made several voyages. In his 19th year he was seized by a press gang and taken on board the Harwich man-of-war, where he was made a midshipman. While the ship lay at Plymouth he deserted, but was soon caught, flogged, degraded, and treated with such severity that he willingly exchanged into an African trader off Madeira. He left this ship at Sierra Leone, and hiring himself out as a laborer to a slave trader in the island of Bena- noes, he remained there till 1747, when an English captain arrived at Sierra Leone, com- missioned by his father to bring him back. Shortly afterward he commanded a Liverpool slave ship, was engaged in that business four years, and confesses that, during all the time he was in it, "he never had the least scruples as to its lawfulness." But growing disgusted with the occupation, he obtained in August, 1755, the situation of surveyor of the port of Liver- pool. While in Africa he had studied Euclid ; during his voyages had taught himself Latin ; and he now devoted himself to acquiring Greek