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30 MULDER scraping off all extraneous matter, and boil- ing in ley until its fibres separate ; it is then beaten with wooden sticks, and the pulp thus obtained is mixed with mucilage and spread upon frames of rushes to dry. The so-called India paper, used by engravers to take proofs of their work, is also prepared from this bark. In the South sea islands the bark is used to make tap a, which serves the natives as a sub- stitute for cloth ; the bark is soaked for a long time and then beaten to the requisite thinness by the use of a square stick of hard wood, the sides of which are sharply creased ; the cloth, which is made into garments, is used plain or stamped with rude figures in various colors. The tree is propagated from cuttings made of the root. Mulberries are propagated by seeds, cuttings, and layers ; they grow readily from seeds which are sown in early spring. The black mulberry is grown from cuttings, the multicaulis variety by both cuttings and lay- ers. Downing's ever-bearing is propagated by grafting upon roots of the white mulberry. MULDER, Gerardus Johannes, a Dutch chemist, born in Utrecht, Dec. 27, 1802. He studied at the university of Utrecht, and became a physician in Amsterdam. In 1827 he was appointed lecturer on botany and chemistry in the medical school of Rotterdam, resigned in 1830, and in 1840 became professor of chem- istry at Utrecht. His chief work, translated from the Dutch into German by Kolbe, and into English by Fromberg, is "Chemistry of Vegetable and Animal Physiology " (edited by J. F. W. Johnston, Edinburgh, 1849). In this he deduces as the result of original inquiries the existence in animals of a substance which he calls " proteine," which they derive ready formed from plants. This discovery involved Mulder in a controversy with Liebig, who from the difficulty of obtaining it doubted the existence of proteine as an independent com- pound. Among his other works are " Chem- ical Researches" (1847), "The Chemistry of Wine" (edited by H. Bence Jones, London, 1857), "The Chemistry of Beer" (1856), and "The Chemistry of the Vegetable Mould" (3 vols., 1861-'4), all of which have been trans- lated into German. MULE. See Ass. MULE DEER. See DEEE. MULGRAVE. I. Constantine John Phipps, lord, a British navigator, born May 30, 1744, died in Liege, Belgium, Oct. 10, 1792. His father was raised to the Irish peerage as Baron Mul- grave in 1767. He early entered the navy, commanded a northeast arctic exploring expe- dition in 1773, and returned the same year having reached lat. 80 48', beyond which an impenetrable field of ice stretched as far as could be seen. He was afterward commis- sioner of the admiralty, and in 1790 was created Baron Mulgrave in the British peer- age. He published a " Journal of a Voyage toward the North Pole" (London, 1774). II. Henry Phipps, first earl of Mulgrave and MULLEIN Viscount Normanby, brother of the prece- ding, born Feb. 14, 1755, died April 7, 1831. He served in the British army during the American war of independence. On his broth- er's death the English barony became extinct ; but he succeeded to the Irish title, became a member of Mr. Pitt's administration, and was noted for his opposition to Roman Catholic emancipation. In 1807 he was made first lord of the admiralty, and in 1812 was created earl of Mulgrave and Viscount Normanby. (See NOEMANBY.) MULGRAVE, John Sheffield, earl of. See BUCK- INGHAM, Or BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, DUKE OF. MULGRAVE (or MOle) ISLANDS, a group in the southern part of the Radack chain, which forms the eastern part of the Marshall or Mul- grave archipelago in the N. Pacific ocean. Their extent is not very well determined, but the surrounding reefs have been examined for about 40 m., and only one pass for ships and another for boats could be found. Some of the islands are mere coral rocks submerged at high tide, but nearly all have deep water close to" the reefs. When they reach the level of the water they become, like the islands already formed, covered with sand and vegetation. Some of them are of considerable size, and have clumps of cocoanut and breadfruit trees. MULHOUSE. See MUHLHATTSEN. MULL, an island of the Hebrides, forming part of Argyleshire, Scotland, in the Atlantic ocean, and separated from the mainland by a narrow strait" called the sound of Mull; area (including that of the surrounding islets), 301 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 5,947. The coast is rocky, and deeply indented. The surface is mountainous, Benmore, its highest summit, at- taining an altitude of 3,168 ft. The most re- markable natural objects are the caverns and basaltic columns and arches around its shores. The soil is chiefly devoted to pasturage. Her- ring and white fish are caught off the coasts. Mull contains several villages. Tobermory, near the 1ST. E. extremity, is the most important. MULLEIN, the common name of verbascum thapsus, said to be derived from the Latin malandrium, a disease like leprosy, applied to this plant on account of its having been used for this and similar diseases in cattle. It is a common and troublesome plant in cultivated grounds and by roadsides in the older parts of the United States. The genus includes more than 80 species, which are widely distributed ; it belongs to the family of figworts or scrophu- lariacece, and differs from most others of the family in having an open, wheel-shaped corolla. The common mullein is a biennial with radical leaves 6 to 12 in. long, oblong- acute, those of the stem smaller and decurrent at the base, forming wings upon the stem ; the leaves and the stem, which is 4 - to 6 ft. high, are clothed with a dense woolly pubescence, which gives the plant a hoary appearance ; the flowers are collected in a dense spike, a foot or more long, the bright yellow corolla nearly equally five-