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NICHOLAS 429 practical astronomy in the university of Glas- gow. He was a successful popular lecturer on his favorite science. He wrote " The Archi- tecture of the Heavens" (8vo, 1838); "Con- templations on the Solar System " (1844) ; " Thoughts on some Important Points relating to tjie System of the World " (1846); "Expo- sition and History of the Planet Neptune" (1848) ; " The Stellar Universe : Views of its Ar- rangements, Motions, and Evolutions" (12mo, 1848) ; " The Planetary System, its Order and Physical Structure " (8vo, London, 1851) ; and " Cyclopaedia of the Physical Sciences " (1857). NICHOLAS. I. A central county of West Vir- ginia, intersected by the Gauley river, a branch of the Great Kanawha, and drained by Mea- dow river and Buffalo creek ; area, 880 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 4,458, of whom 31 were colored. It has a mountainous surface and a soil not generally productive. The chief productions in 1870 were 10,242 bushels of wheat, 101,300 of Indian corn, 38,365 of oats, 3,029 tons of hay, 18,838 Ibs. of wool, 164,990 of butter, and 12,589 gallons of sorghum molasses. There were 1,073 horses, 1,600 milch cows, 4,144 other cattle, 8,171 sheep, and 5,291 swine. Capital, Summerville. II. A N. E. county of Kentucky, intersected by Licking river and drained by its branches; area, about 300 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 9,129 of whom 1,244 were colored. It has a diversified surface, rugged in the north and undulating in the south, the latter portion being very fertile. The Blue Lick spring, celebrated for its mineral waters, is in this county on the banks of Licking river. The chief productions in 1870 were 39,397 bushels of wheat, 24,638 of rye, 665,795 of Indian corn, 68,304 of oats, 2,345 tons of hay, 83,994 Ibs. of tobacco, 25,796 of wool, 163,- 448 of butter, and 21,380 gallons of sorghum molasses. There were 4,314 horses, 1,729 mules and asses, 2,477 milch cows, 4,978 other cattle, 9,032 sheep, and 16,566 swine; 2 distilleries, 4 flour mills, and 6 saw mills. Capital, Carlisle. NICHOLAS, the name of five popes and one antipope, of whom the following are the most important. I. Nicholas I., the Great, and Saint, born in Rome about 800, died there, Nov. 13, 867. He belonged to the Conti family, and was elected pope April 24, 858. In 860, hav- ing received ambassadors from the Greek em- peror Michael III., and letters from Photius, the usurper of the patriarchal see of Con- stantinople, urging him to acknowledge the latter as lawful patriarch, Nicholas sent two legates to Constantinople to inquire into the facts of the case, and report to himself, for- bidding them to pronounce any decision. The legates were persuaded to approve of the de- position of the lawful patriarch, Ignatius ; but the pope cancelled their action, and called upon all the eastern churches to sustain this sentence. This led to the final rupture be- tween the Greek and Latin churches. (See PHOTIUS.) Lothaire, king of Lorraine, having put away his wife Theutberga, and obtained from two synods of bishops a sentence au- thorizing this divorce and his marriage with Waldrada, his concubine, Theutberga appealed to the pope. Nicholas summoned a court to meet at Metz (863), before which Lothaire and Theutberga were enjoined to appear. The court was only empowered to hear the case, and to report the facts to the pope. But Lo- thaire, who meanwhile was publicly married to Waldrada, obtained a decree sanctioning the nuptials. Nicholas annulled the decree, but the partisans of Lothaire appealed to the em- peror Louis, then present with his army in It- aly. He espoused the cause of Lothaire, and marched upon Rome, but fell sick, and, con- sidering this as a sign of the divine anger, em- ployed the mediation of the empress to become reconciled with the pope. Lothaire offered to go to Rome to justify his conduct ; but Nicholas refused to see him, and required that he should put away Waldrada and take back Theutberga. This Lothaire did in 865, when he and his wife were solemnly crowned by the papal legate. Lothaire, however, soon renewed his connec- tion with Waldrada, and accused the queen of adultery. The pope again interfered, in Janu- ary, 867, and both king and queen were about to go to Rome when he died. Two councils pre- sided over by Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, in 863, had deposed Rothrad, bishop of Sois- sons, and imprisoned him for appealing from this sentence to the Roman see. After a long controversy with Hincmar and King Charles the Bald, Rothrad was allowed to go to Rome, and was reinstated in his office without opposi- tion. In 865 Nicholas received an embassy from the recently converted Bogoris, prince of the Bulgarians ; and in 866 he sent the ambassa- dors back with two legates, and a letter contain- ing 106 answers to as many questions submitted to him by Bogoris. Nicholas is praised by his- torians for his unblemished life, as well as for his active charity. II. Nicholas V. (TOMMASO PA- KENTTJCELLI, called also Tommaso da Sarzana), born at Sarzana, near Genoa, in 1398, died in Rome, March 24, 1455. He was ordained priest at 25, filled several diplomatic offices under successive popes, was created cardinal by Eu- genius IV., became archbishop of Bologna in 1445, was sent as legate to Frankfort in 1446, and was elected pope March 6, 1447. He be- gan his pontificate by remodelling the Vatican library, and concluding with Germany a con- cordat which abolished some abuses relating to the collation of benefices ; by soliciting the aid of all Christian princes and peoples in favor of Cyprus, threatened by the Turkish forces ; and' by urging anew the Greek emperor to -seek in a religious and political union with western Christendom the safety of his empire. In 1449 Ije prevailed on the antipope Felix V. to terminate the western schism by abdica- ting the papacy. In 1452 he crowned the em- peror Frederick III. and his wife at Rome; and a year afterward, upon the fall of Con- stantinople, he published a bull calling on all