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NIVELLES NIZHNI NOVGOROD 469 in 1822 professor and university preacher at Bonn. In 1847 lie returned to Berlin, where he was made professor, university preacher, and member of the high consistory. Besides many minor treatises, he published System der christ- lichen LeJire (1829 ; 6th ed., 1851 ; English translation, Edinburgh, 1849), and PraTctische Theologie (3 vols., 1847-'67). A volume of his Gesammelte AbJiandlungen was published at Gotha in 1870. III. Gregor Wilhelm, a Ger- man philologist, brother of the preceding, born in Wittenberg, Nov. 22, 1790, died in Leipsic, July 22, 1861. He was professor at Kiel from 1827 to 1852, and afterward until his death at Leipsic. He was a leading op- ponent of F. A. Wolf's theories in regard to the Homeric poems. Among his works are : Erklarende Anmerlcungen zu Homer's Odyssee (3 vols., 1826-'40) ; Prceparatio Indagandw per Homeri Odysseam Interpolations (1828) ; Meletemata de Historia Homeri (2 vols., 1830- '37) ; Die Sagenpoesie der Griechen (1852) ; and Beitrdge zur GescJiichte der epischen Poesie der Griechen (1862). IV. Karl Wilhelm, a German historian, son of the preceding, born in Zerbst, Dec. 22, 1818. He graduated at the university of Kiel in 1844, became professor there in 1858, and at Konigsberg in 1862. His principal works are: PolyMus : zur GescTiicJite antiker Politik und Historiographie (Kiel, 1842) ; Die Gracchen und ihre ndchsten Vorgdnger (Berlin, 1846) ; Vorarbeiten zur Geschichte der Stauf- ischen Periode (Leipsic, 1860); and Die ro- mische Annalistik von ihren ersten Anfdngen lis auf Valerius Antias (1873). NIVELLES, or Nivelle (Flem. Nyvel), a town of Belgium, in the province of Brabant, 17 m. S. of Brussels ; pop. in 1866, 9,050. The place is irregularly and poorly built, but there are two pleasant public squares, and several fine churches and public edifices. The church of St. Gertrude, the crypt of which is noteworthy for its architectural beauty, is a relic of the Benedictine abbey founded here by St. Ger- trude, daughter of Pepin of Landen, in 645, around which the town grew up. Its abbess was a princess of the empire till the French revolution, and named the magistrates of the town, which at the beginning of the 15th cen- tury had 30,000 inhabitants. On the tower of the church a bronze statue, commonly called "Jean de Nivelle," strikes the hours upon a large bell. This Jean de Nivelle (1422-'77), son of Jean II. de Montmorency, was outlawed in France for joining the duke of Burgundy against Louis XI., and afterward lived here on estates inherited from his mother. He was the progenitor of the line of Montmorency- Nivelle, which, after intermarriage with the counts Horn, succeeded to their estates and name, and included the ancestors of the count Horn afterward famous in the history of the Netherlands. The town has important educa- tional and charitable institutions, and consid- erable trade in cattle and grain. The French defeated the Austrians at Nivelles in 1794. NIVERNAIS, an ancient province of France, now comprised in the department of Ni&vre. It was situated near the centre of the kingdom, and surrounded by Burgundy, Bourbonnais, Berry, and Orl6anais. Its ancient inhabitants were the ^Edui and Sequani, and it was after- ward subject to the Franks. In the 9th cen- tury it became a county, and some of the counts of Nevers bore the title of dukes of Nivernais. The capital was Nevers. NIZAM, and Nizam's Dominions. See HYDER- ABAD. NIZHNI NOVGOROD, or Lower Novgorod. I. A government of central Russia (called also Nizhe- Nizhni Novgorod. gorod), bordering on Kostroma, Viatka, Ka- zan, Simbirsk, Penza, Tambov, and Vladimir ; area, 19,631 sq. m. ; pop. in 1867, 1,262,913, of whom nearly one third were Tartars, and the remainder chiefly Russians. It is trav- ersed by the Volga, and by its affluents the