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488 NORTH CAROLINA Nash, New Hanover, Northampton, Onslow, Orange, Pamlico, Pasquotank, Fender, Perqui- mans, Person, Pitt, Polk, Randolph, Richmond, Robeson, Rockingham, Rowan, Rutherford, Sampson, Stanley, Stokes, Surry, Swain, Tran- sylvania, Tyrrel, Union, Wake, Warren, Wash- ington, Watauga, Wayne, Wilkes, Wilson, Yad- kin, and Yancey. North Carolina has no very populous towns. Wilmington, the chief sea- port and largest city in the state, had 13,446 inhabitants in 1870, and Raleigh, the capital, 7,790. The other cities are New Berne, 5,849 ; Fayetteville, 4,660 ; and Charlotte, 4,473. The following are towns having in 1870 from 1,000 State Seal of North Carolina. , to 2,500 inhabitants : Beaufort, Washington, Asheville, Plymouth, Tarboro, Edenton, Golds- boro, Kinston, and Wilson. Other towns are Concord, Elizabeth City, Greensboro, Green- ville, Hillsboro, Louisburg, Lumberton, Mur- f reesboro, Oxford, Salisbury, Smithville, States- ville, and Winston. The population of North Carolin'a and its rank in the Union at decen- nial periods, according to the federal census, have been as follows : CENSUS. Whites. Slaves. Free colored/ Total pop- ulation. Rank. 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1S70 288,204 337,764 876,410 419,200 472,843 484,870 553,028 629,942 678,470 100,572 133,296 168,824 204,917 245,601 245,817 288,548 881,059 4,975 7,048 10,266 14,712 19,543 22,732 27,463 80,463 891,650 393,751 487,103 555,500 638,829 787,987 753,419 869,039 992,622 1,071,861 3 4 4 4 5 7 10 12 14 Included in the population of 1860 were 1,158 Indians. Of the total population in 1870, 518,- 704 were males and 552,657 females; 1,068,- 832 were of native and 3,029 of foreign birth ; and there were 1,241 Indians. Of the natives, 1,028,678 were born in the state, 15,425 in Virginia and West Virginia, 13,537 in South Carolina, 3,505 in Tennessee, 2,052 in Georgia, 786 in New York, and 674 in Pennsylvania; and 307,362 persons born in the state were living in other parts of the Union. Of the foreigners, 904 were born in Germany, 677 in Ireland, 490 in England, and 420 in Scotland. The density of population was 21*13 to a square mile. There were 205,970 families, with an average of 5 -20 persons to each, and 202,504 dwellings, with an average of 5*29 to each. The increase of population from 1860 to 1870 was 7'93 per cent. There were 182,421 persons from 5 to 18 years of age, 94,238 males from 18 to 45, and 75,274 male citizens 21 years old and up- ward. There were 339,789 persons 10 years old and over who could not read, and 396,993 unable to write; of the latter, 191,961 were white and 205,032 colored, 195,692 males and 201,301 females; 174,834 were 21 years old and over, and 222,159 were from 10 to 21 years. In 1874 there were 92,043 white and 48,277 colored polls. The number of paupers supported during the year ending June 1, 1870, was 1,706, at a cost of $136,470. Of the number (1,652) receiving support at that date, 1,124 were white and 528 colored. The number of persons convicted of crime during the year was 1,311. Of the number (468) in prison June 1, 1870, 138 were white and 330 colored. The state contained 835 blind, 619 deaf and dumb, 779 insane, and 976 idiotic. Of the total population 10 years old and over (769,629), there were engaged in all occupa- tions 351,299; in agriculture, 269,238, inclu- ding 168,978 laborers, 98,290 farmers and planters, 336 turpentine farmers, and 1,332 turpentine laborers; in professional and per- sonal services, 51,290, of whom 861 were clergymen, 26,659 domestic servants, 16,830 laborers not specified, 574 lawyers, 1,143 physi- cians and surgeons, and 1,798 traders not speci- fied; in trade and transportation, 10,179; and in manufactures and mechanical and mining industries, 20,592. The total number of deaths from all causes was 10,588, being 0'98 per cent, of the entire population; from consumption 1,236, there being 8-6 deaths from all causes to one from this disease. There were 741 deaths from pneumonia, 436 from intermittent and remittent fevers, 862 from enteric fever, and 418 from diarrhea. The state may be physi- cally divided into the coast and swamp land section, extending from 80 to 100 m. inland; the middle section, extending to the foot of the mountains ; and the mountain section, em- bracing the W. part of the state. The first section abounds in valuable timber, and in- cludes the turpentine region. The country is level, with many swamps and marshes; the streams are sluggish and muddy. Much of the land is sandy, but a large portion of this region is very fertile, the swamps being generally so. Rice, cotton, tobacco, and maize flourish. The Great Dismal swamp extends N. from Albe- marle sound into Virginia, covering an area of about 150,000 acres. (See BOG, and DISMAL SWAMP.) Between Albemarle and Pamlico sounds is Alligator or Little Dismal swamp, which is about as large as the other. It is estimated that the swamps of the state alto-