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50 MURATORI 1860, when the Bourbons were expelled from Naples, Murat put forth his claims to the throne of the Two Sicilies; but at the instance of Napoleon III. he soon publicly disclaimed his pretensions. In 1870 he was with Bazaine in Metz, and when the city capitulated was made prisoner. His eldest son, JOSEPH JOACHIM NA- poiJoN, born in Paris, July 21, 1834, has been since 1866 a colonel in the French army, and in April, 1872, obtained leave to serve four years in the Swedish army. MURATORI, Ludovieo Antonio, an Italian scho- lar, born at Vignola, in the duchy of Modena, Oct. 21, 1672, died in Modena, Jan. 23, 1750. He was educated at the university of Modena, was ordained priest, and in 1694 was appoint- ed keeper of the Ambrosian library at Milan, where he discovered several inedited Latin and Greek manuscripts, selections from which, with notes and commentaries, he published under the titles of Anecdota Latino, and Anec- dota Grceca. In 1700 he became conservator of the public archives and principal librarian of Modena. His three great works are Rerum Italicarum Scriptores (25 vols. fol., Milan, 1723-'51), Antiquitates Italics Medii JEm (6 vols. fol., 1738-'42), and Annali d'ltalia (12 vols., 1744-'9). To publish this vast col- lection several princes and nobles of Italy sub- scribed $4,000 each. The best uniform edition of his works is that published at Venice (48 vols. 8vo, 1790-1810). MURAVIEFF, an ancient Russian family, ori- ginally settled in the former grand duchy of Moscow, and since the latter part of the 15th century in various other parts of the country. I. Mikhail, born in Smolensk in October, 1757, died in St. Petersburg in July, 1807. He was tutor of the grand dukes Alexander and Con- stantine, for whom he' prepared a series of es- says on history, ethics, and literature. Paul I. appointed him privy councillor, and Alexander I. deputy minister of popular instruction. An edition of his writings was published in 3 vols. (Moscow, 1810; supplement, St. Petersburg, 1815). II. Nikolai, born in Riga in 1768, died in Moscow in 1840. After many years of active service in the Russian army and navy, he es- tablished near Moscow a private military acad- emy. He took part in the campaign of 1812- '13, concluded the capitulation of Dresden with Gen. Dumas, and was present at the siege of Hamburg. After the peace he resumed his duties at his academy, which in 1816 was raised to the rank of an imperial institution. He conducted it till 1823, from which time till his death he devoted himself to agriculture. He was one of the founders of the Moscow agricultural society. III. Nikolai, second son of the preceding, born about 1794, died in Novem- ber, 1866. He entered the army in 1811, was employed in the military service in the Cauca- sus, and published in 1822 an account of his travels in Khiva, whither he had been sent on a political mission by Gen. Yermoloff. In 1828 he took part in the Persian war, and MURAVIEFF in 1831 in the Polish campaign. He was made lieutenant general, commanded during the siege of Warsaw in September the right wing of the Russian army, and stormed the forti- fications of Rakowiec. He commanded the Russian corps which landed in Asia Minor, and arrested the advance of Ibrahim Pasha toward Constantinople after his victory at Ko- nieh, and then visited Mehemet Ali in Cairo. He superintended the construction of the for- tifications of Sevastopol, but fell into disgrace in 1838, for having in a sham fight made pris- oners the emperor Nicholas and his staff, and lived in retirement in Moscow till 1848, when he became a member of the board of war, and afterward commander of the corps of grenadiers in the imperial guard. In 1855 he was in com- mand of the army of the Caucasus as general of infantry and governor of Transcaucasia, and conducted the siege of Kars with great ener- gy and ability from the beginning of June till Nov. 27, 1855, when the fortress was com- pelled to capitulate. Muravieff was rewarded with the title of prince, but, being unpopular with his fellow officers and the court, spent his last years in retirement. IV. Mikhail, brother of the preceding, born in 1796, died in 1866. At the age of 15 he was a teacher in the military school established by his father. In 1813 he took part in the campaign against the French, and on his return continued his military studies, and about this time translated Gar- nier's Geometric analytique into Russian. In 1823 he became colonel in the army; in 1831 military governor of Grodno and subsequent- ly of Kursk; in 1842 chief director of the to- pographical corps and major general; and in 1850 a member of the council of the empire. He was soon after chosen president of the geo- graphical society, and sent an important sci- entific expedition to Siberia. In 1857 he be- came president of the department of apanages, in which office he did much to promote the advancement of agriculture. In 1863 he was appointed governor general of Wilna, and his rigorous rule during the Polish insurrection was not wholly approved by Alexander. In 1866 he was president of the commission to discover the accomplices of Karakozoff in the attempted assassination of the emperor. V. Nikolai, born in 1810, served a long time in the Caucasus, and in 1847 was made lieutenant general and governor general of eastern Sibe- ria. He concluded the treaty of May, 1858, by which China ceded to Russia the Amoor territory, for which service he was created Count Amurski. In 1859 he concluded at Yedo a treaty with Japan favorable to Russia, and in 1861 was made a member of the coun- cil of the empire. VI. Alexander, son of the first mentioned Nikolai, born in 1792, died in 1864. He was implicated in the revolutionary movement of 1825, and was exiled to Siberia. In 1853 he was restored to the army, and during the Crimean war he was made major general. In 1855 he was governor of Nizhni