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582 O'DONOVAN (EDEMA Christina, that at the commencement of 1854 he was proscribed ; but in June he headed a revolt and fought an indecisive battle at Vical- baro. He then effected a union with iheprogre- sista party, and issued a manifesto demanding the restitution of the constitution of 1837, the emancipation of Queen Isabella, the perpetual banishment of the queen mother, the ameliora- tion of the laws regulating the elections and the press, the reduction of taxes, and other popular measures. At this crisis Espartero was invited by the queen to form a ministry, and O'Donnell received the portfolio of the war department, and was appointed a marshal. In July, 1856, he succeeded Espartero as pres- ident of the council, and at once declared Spain under martial law, closed the cortes, and abolished the national guard. Insurrections followed, which were generally suppressed; but Narvaez plotted against him, and obliged him to resign in October. He returned to power in 1858, and in 1859 was at once prime minister and commander-in-chief of the forces engaged in the war in Morocco. For his ser- vices in the latter, which was decided by the victory at Tetuan and the surrender of that city (February, 1860), he was created duke. In February, 1863, he resigned, but was re- called in June, 1865. He now endeavored to restore tranquillity and to carry out many re- forms, and procured the acknowledgment of the kingdom of Italy notwithstanding the op- position of the court. The extremists of all parties united against him. Insurrections were frequent, and much blood was shed in sup- pressing them. In July, 1866, the queen called upon Narvaez to form a new ministry from the reactionary party. O'Donnell went to France, and remained there until his death. O'DONOVAN, John, an Irish archaeologist, born at Atatee More, county Kilkenny, July 9, 1809, died in Dublin, Dec. 9, 1861. He was employed in the ordnance survey of Ireland, and in 1847 was called to the bar, but never practised. In 1849, on the establishment of Queen's college, Belfast, he was made pro- fessor of history and archeology. He was en- gaged in translating MSS. under the Brehon law commission. For some years before his death he received an annual pension of 50. He published " A Grammar of the Irish Lan- guage " (8vo, London, 1845) ; " The Book of Eights " (1847) ; and his principal work, " The Annals of Ireland, by the Four Masters, from the earliest Historic Period to A. D. 1616," the Irish text from the original manuscripts with an English translation and notes (3 vols. 4to, Dublin, 1848-'51 ; 7 vols. 4to, 1856). ODYSSEY. See HOMER. (ECOLAMPADIUS, or Oekolampad, Johannes, a German reformer, whose real name was Huss- gen or Heussgen, born at Weinsberg, Swabia, in 1482, died in Basel, Nov. 23, 1531. His father was a merchant. He studied juris- prudence at Bologna and theology at Heidel- berg, was tutor to the son of the elector pala- tine, and then held a benefice founded by his parents, but resigned both functions to con- tinue his theological studies. He was an ad- mirer of Erasmus, went to Basel in 1515, and assisted him in his " Annotations on the New Testament." About the end of 1518 he was invited to Augsburg. He found the city excited by a recent conference between Lu- ther and the papal legate, and declared for the reformer. A violent dispute ensued, and he re- tired in 1520 to a convent of the monks of St. Bridget, near Augsburg. He stood at this time midway between Luther and Rome, desiring a " certain purified Catholicism," but was in- clining more and more toward the side of the reformation. He left the convent in February, 1522, went to the castle of Ebernburg, where for a time he was preacher to Franz von Sick- ingen, and in November was at Basel, where he officiated as curate of St. Martin's. In 1523 the government council appointed him Scrip- ture reader to the university, which refused to acknowledge him. Still he addressed large audiences, and in 1525 was regularly appointed curate of St. Martin's. He led the discussion at the conference in Baden, in 1526, against Eck, and was distinguished there for his mild- ness and ability. He had written against the celibacy of the clergy, and about 1530 he mar- ried Wilibrandis, daughter of a knight of the emperor Maximilian. He supported Zwingli in his dispute with Luther respecting the real presence in the Lord's supper, and published a treatise entitled De genuina Verlorum Do- mini, Hoc est Corpus meum, Expositione (1525), in which he maintained the word corpus to be only symbolical. He was called the Melanch- thon of Switzerland. He was a tall, handsome man, of a patriarchal presence. His widow became the wife of his friend Capito, after whose death she married Bucer. (Ecolampa- dius's principal works are : Annotationes in Genesin; Exegemata in Librum Jol ; Com- mentariorum in Esaiam libri VI. ; De Ritu Paschali; and Quod non sit onerosa Chris- tianis Confessio. His life has been written by Hess (Zurich, 1791), Herzog (Basel, 1843), and Hagenbach (Elberfeld, 1859). (ECUMENICAL COUNCIL. See COUNCIL. (EDEMA (Gr. 6%a, from oidetv, to swell), a swelling occasioned by the infiltration of se- rum into the areolar tissue of a portion of the body. The term oedema generally refers to cases in which the serous infiltration is local, as oedema of the face, of the extremities, of the lungs; anasarca to those in which it is general, invading the areolar tissue of the whole body. Anything which interferes with the return of the venous blood from a part may produce oedema; thus in pregnant wo- men the pressure of the uterine tumor upon the great veins within the abdomen may cause oedema of the lower extremities; and in feeble persons the same result follows the long maintenance of the upright position, the blood having to return against the force of