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612 OLDENBARNEVELDT OLDHAM England, and other countries were also repre- sented at the Old Catholic congresses ; but al- though some men of influence were among the sympathizers with the movement, like the Jesuit Passaglia in Italy and Lord Acton and Lord Camoys in England, no independent Old Cath- olic church has been founded in any of these countries. The principal periodicals published in the interest of the Old Catholic church are Der Deutsche Mercur (a weekly), at Munich, and the TheologiscJies Liter aturblatt, at Bonn. On the history and the aims of the church, see Eeinkens, Ueber den Ursprung der jetzigen Kirchenbewegung (Cologne, 1872); Nippold, Ursprung, Umfang, Hemmnisse und Aussichten der altTcatholiscJien Bewegung (Berlin, 1873) ; Pere Hyacinthe, De la reforme catholique (Paris, 1872) ; and Michaud, Programme de reforme de Vfiglise d> Occident (Paris, 1872). OLDENBARNEVELDT. See BARNEVELDT. OLDENBURG. I. A grand duchy of Germany, comprising three separate territories, which have the following areas and population : DIVISIONS. Area in q. m. Pop. in 1871. Duchy of Oldenburg 2,075 248978 Principality of Lubeck . . . 200 84353 Principality of Birkenfeld 194 86128 Total 2469 314,459 The duchy of Oldenburg is situated W. and S. W. of the river Weser, which forms its N. E. boundary. It is bounded N. by the North sea, a deep inlet of which forms the Jade bay, and E., S., and W. by the Prussian province of Hanover. The whole country is a perfect level, watered by the Weser, Hunte, Jade, Vechta, and other rivers, of which only the Weser is navigable. Of a number of lakes the largest and most picturesque is Zwischenahn lake. One seventh of the area consists of the most fertile bottom land, upon which all kinds of grain, fruit, potatoes, beans, peas, &c., thrive luxuriantly; the remainder of fair arable soil and pasture. Oldenburg is almost exclu- sively an agricultural country, and its manu- factures are of little importance. Among the more important towns are Jever and Varel, in the north, the latter on the railroad which connects the capital, Oldenburg, with Bremen and Wilhelmshaven, the Prussian seaport on Jade bay. The principality of Lubeck is en- closed by the Prussian province of Schleswig- Holstein and the territory of the^ free city of Lubeck. It consists of the city of Eutin, and one borough and 82 villages grouped around the banks of the lake of Eutin. Up to 1802 it was an independent bishopric. The prin- cipality of Birkenfeld lies in the southern part of the Prussian province of the Rhine, on the left bank of the Rhine. (See BIRKEN- FELD.) The grand duchy has a common con- stitution for its three component parts, and provincial councils for Lubeck and Birkenfeld. The diet of the grand duchy consists of a sin- gle chamber, numbering 33 deputies, who are elected for three years by the vote of all citi- zens paying taxes. The executive is vested, under the grand duke, in a responsible minis- try of three departments. The . state debt in 1873 was $8,416,000. In the budget of the central government of Oldenburg for 1873, the revenue and the expenses were estimated at $202,000 each. The aggregate revenue of the special budget of the three divisions of the grand duchy was estimated at $1,800,000; the expenditure at $1,420,000. The movement of shipping in 1872 was as follows : vessels en- tered, 2,007, tonnage 161,480; cleared, 2,134, tonnage 159,570. These figures do not include the coasting trade, in which 4,925 vessels en- tered, tonnage 186,586, and 4,821 cleared, ton- nage 186,048. The merchant shipping of the grand duchy in 1872 embraced 542 vessels, ag- gregate burden 71,547 tons. The troops of Oldenburg consist of one regiment of infantry, one of cavalry, and two batteries. It is repre- sented in the German imperial Reichstag by three deputies. The present territory of Old- enburg proper was originally inhabited by the Chauci, and was afterward overrun by the Saxons. In 1180 the counts of Oldenburg ob- tained their independence from the dukes of Saxony. In 1448 a son of the late count was elected king of Denmark. The Oldenburg line having become extinct, the country fell to Den- mark in 1667. In 1773 Denmark exchanged it for the possessions and claims of the Hol- stein-Gottorp family in Schleswig-Holstein, and it became an independent state once more. Having been annexed to France at the begin- ning of 1811, it regained its independence in 1813, and obtained some territorial accessions (including the principality of Birkenfeld) from the congress of Vienna, which also raised the prince to the rank of grand duke. In conse- quence of the revolution of 1848 the people obtained a liberal constitution, which however was curtailed in 1852. The present grand duke, Augustus (born Nov. 16, 1852), succeed- ed his father Peter Dec. 12, 1874. On Feb. 16, 1864, the bay and territory of Jade were ceded to Prussia. II. A city, capital of the grand duchy, 24 m. W. N. W. of Bremen, on the Hunte, llm. above its confluence with the Weser; pop. in 1871, 14,928. The grand-du- cal palace contains many works of German art, and a library numbering about 50,000 volumes. The town has three churches, a synagogue, a gymnasium, a normal school, a theatre, a pub- lic library numbering more than 100,000 vol- umes, and a museum of natural sciences which is especially rich in North German and Indian birds. The most important manufactures are refined sugar, soap, and musical instruments ; there are also numerous breweries and distil- leries. A brisk trade is carried on in wood, wool, and cattle. OLDHAM, a N. county of Kentucky, separated from Indiana by the Ohio river; area, about 200 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 9,027, of whom 2,810