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686 OREL ORENBURG and was made inspector general. In 1765 he saved the life of the king during an outbreak at Madrid. On the expulsion of Ulua by the French colonists of Louisiana, O'Reilly was sent there with a fleet in 1768, and began by trying Lafreniere and other popular leaders by court martial and putting them to death for a crime against Spanish authority before Spain had formally taken possession. He then abol- ished the French laws and substituted those of Spain, with a new black code. A year after he returned to Spain, where all his acts were ap- proved. He commanded an unsuccessful ex- pedition against Algiers in 1775, and was next commandant general of Andalusia and gov- ernor of Cadiz, but was for a time in disgrace. In 1794 he was called to command the army of the eastern Pyrenees, but died on the way. OREL. I. A central government of Russia, bordering on the governments of Kaluga, Tula, Tambov, Voronezh, Kursk, Tchernigov, and Smolensk ; area, 18,034 sq. m. ; pop. in 1867, 1,578,013. The surface is level. The principal rivers are the Desna, a tributary of the Dnie- per ; the Oka, which runs through the middle of the government toward the Volga ; and the Sosna, in the east, which flows to the Don. Limestone, sandstone, and alabaster are abun- dant, and iron ore is found. The climate is mild and healthy; grain, hemp, flax, and to- bacco are raised. About one third of the surface is covered with forests. Beet sugar and coarse linen and woollen cloths are man- ufactured. II. A city, capital of the govern- ment, on the Oka, 200 m. S. S. W. of Moscow, with which it is connected by railway; pop. in 1867, 43,575. There is a large trade in hemp, grain, tallow, and cattle. During har- vest about 10,000 loaded carts arrive daily. The cathedral, founded in 1794, was not conse- crated till 1861 ; there are eight other national churches, besides chapels for Protestants and Catholics. Orel, founded about 1565 on the banks of the Orlik, above its junction with the Oka, by Ivan the Terrible, was removed in 1679 to its present site in consequence of a great fire. There were also conflagrations in 1848 and 1858. ORELLANA, Francisco, a Spanish adventurer, born in Trujillo early in the 16th century, died near Montalegro, Brazil, about 1550. He ac- companied Francisco Pizarro to Peru in 1531, and took part in the conquest of that country. When in 1540 Gonzalo Pizarro set out to ex- plore the regions east of the Andes, Orellana was second in command of the expedition, which comprised about 350 Spaniards, 4,000 Indians, and 1,000 dogs for hunting down the natives. The river Napo was discovered after a tedious and perilous march, and Pizarro, despairing of returning by the route he had traversed, constructed a brigantine large enough to hold the weaker part of his company and his bag- gage, and gave the command of it to Orella- na, with instructions to keep alongside of the army while it followed by land the course of the river. After several weeks passed in the descent through a dreary wilderness, their pro- visions were exhausted, and Pizarro, hearing of a populous and rich district several days' journey down the river at the point where the Napo flowed into a still greater stream, de- spatched Orellana and 50 soldiers in the brig- antine to the confluence of the waters, to pro- cure supplies. The brigantine in three days reached the Amazon, then for the first time navigated by a European vessel (1541). Ore- llana found the country a wilderness, and al- together unlike what had been represented. To return against the current was difficult, and he resolved to abandon his commander and sail down the great river to the sea. He boldly prosecuted the voyage for seven months, attacked by the warlike natives whenever he attempted to land, and often pursued by them for miles in canoes. He reached the ocean in August, 1541, and sailed to the island of Cubagua, and thence to Spain, where he told that he had passed through a country inhabited only by women, who were warriors and con- querors, and that he had received authentic information of the existence of an El Dorado where gold was so plentiful that houses were roofed with it. After a few years he obtained from the Spanish crown a commission to con- quer and colonize El Dorado, and sailed with four ships and 400 men. He lost one ship and 150 men before he reached Teneriffe. Ascend- ing the* Amazon some distance, he landed to construct a brigantine ; but his last vessel was wrecked, and he died of a fever. ORELLI, Johnim Kaspar, a Swiss philologist, born in Zurich, Feb. 13, 1787, died there, Jan. 6, 1849. He early devoted special attention to the study of languages, and after a course of theological studies he settled in Bergamo, where from 1807 to 1813 he delivered reli- gious discourses in German, French, and Italian. In 1813 he became a teacher in the public school at Coire, and six years later professor of hermeneutics and rhetoric in Zurich. He edited a series of Greek and Roman classics, of which his editions of Horace, Tacitus, and Cicero have received special praise. Among his other publications are Onomasticon Tulli- anum (3 vols., 183 6-' 8) and Inscriptionum La- tinarum selectarum Collectio (2 vols., 1828). He was assisted in some of his works by Bai- ter, and in his turn took a considerable share in Baiter and Sauppe's edition of Plato. His brother KONEAD was the author of several French grammars,* and of a work on the life and doctrine of Spinoza. ORE MOUNTAINS. See ERZGEBIRGE. ORENBURG. I. A government of Russia, partly in Europe and partly in Asia, consist- ing of two separated parts, and bordering on Perm, Tobolsk, the Kirghiz steppes (province of Turgai), the Caspian sea, Astrakhan, Sa- mara, and Ufa; area, 73,985 sq. m. ; pop. in 1867, 840,704, including Cossacks, Tartars, and other tribes. The surface is diversified with