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ORLEANS 701 his adherents, and Mirabeau, who had favored his aspirations to the throne, turned from him in disgust. On the flight of the king from Paris he permitted the best opportunity for the accomplishment of his plans to escape, without even the show of an attempt. His party, however, continued to foster popular movements, and the duke freely mingled with the Jacobins, the Cordeliers, and the members of the revolutionary commune of Paris. He now dropped his patronymic to assume the surname of Egalite, was elected to the conven- tion, and took his seat among the montagnards. On the trial of Louis XVI., either of his own accord or through compulsion and fear, he voted for the death of his cousin. But this did not secure him the confidence of the revo- lutionists, who suspected him of sinister de- signs ; and such suspicions were enhanced by the plot of Dumouriez to reestablish the con- stitution of 1791 and restore royalty. The committee of general security ordered him to be arrested, April 6, 1793, as well as all the members of his family. He was tried at Mar- seilles and acquitted ; but on the proscription of the Girondists, he was brought back to Paris by order of the convention, Nov. 5, arraigned the next morning before the great revolutionary tribunal, found guilty on several false or frivolous charges, and sentenced to death. On hearing this verdict, he exclaimed : " Since you were determined on my death, you ought at least to have put forth more reasonable grounds for my condemnation ! " and he insisted upon being at once taken to the scaffold. He thenceforth evinced re- markable self-possession, firmness, and dignity, and met his fate without the slightest percep- tible emotion. His virtuous wife was a pris- oner through the revolution, and on her release in 1797 received a pension of 100,000 francs from the government, went to Spain, and thence to Palermo. She returned to France in 1814, and died in 1821. Besides Louis Philippe, she had two sons : Antoine Philippe, duke of Montpensier (1775-1807), who left interesting personal Memoires, contained in Baudouin's and Barriere's collections, and Alphonse Leod- gar, count of Beaujolais (1779-1808) ; and one daughter, Louise Marie Adelaide Eugenie (see ADELAIDE). These children were early sepa- rated from their mother and confided to the care of Mme. de Genlis. VI. Ferdinand Philippe Louis Charles Henri Joseph, the eldest son of King Louis Philippe and grandson of the preceding, born in Palermo, Sept. 3, 1810, died near Paris, July 13, 1842. As duke of Chartres, he was educated in the college of Henry IY. In 1825 he was appointed by Charles X. colonel of the first regiment of hussars. He was in garri- son at Joigny at the time of the outbreak of July, 1830, upon which he hastened to Paris at the head of his regiment, and by the election of his father to the throne became duke of Orleans and prince royal. He served in Bel- gium under Marshal Gerard, led the advanced guard of the French army, and had a share in the siege of Antwerp. In 1835 he fought sev- eral battles with the Arabs in Algeria, and was wounded on the banks of the Habrah. He married Helena of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, May 30, 1837. In 1839 he went again to Africa, and led one of the divisions of the army which, under Marshal Valee, forced the defile of Bibans or the Iron Gates. In 1840 he commanded the expedition against the province of Tittery, routed the tribes headed by Ben Salem, forced the pass of Mouzaiah, defended by Abd-el-Ka- der himself, carried Medeah and Milianah, and thus secured to the French the right bank of the middle Shelliff. In 1841 and 1842 he bu- sied himself in France in improving the organ- ization of the army. He was on his way to Neuilly to visit his parents when his horses be- came ungovernable, and in jumping from his carriage he fell on the pavement and fractured his skull. He was taken to a neighboring house, where he expired after a few hours. The duke of Orleans was very popular, and his death^was universally lamented. VII. llelrnc Louise Elisa- beth, wife of the preceding, and daughter of Prince Frederick Louis of Mecklenburg-Schwe- rin, born at Ludwigslust, Jan. 24, 1814, died in Richmond, England, May 18, 1858. On the death of her husband she devoted herself to the education of her two sons, Louis Philippe Albert, count de Paris, born Aug. 24, 1838, and Robert Philippe Louis Eugene Ferdinand, duke de Chartres, born Nov. 9, 1840. A few months after her husband's death Louis Philippe caused a bill of regency to be presented to the two chambers, by which she was deprived of the rights which belonged to her according to pre- vious usages of the French monarchy. She appeared with both her sons in the chamber of deputies on the eventful Feb. 24, 1848, and was on the point of being proclaimed regent when the hall was invaded by the mob. She was obliged to retreat to the H6tel des Inva- lides in company with her brother-in-law the duke de Nemours, and finally with her sons reached Belgium in safety. She accepted the hospitality extended by her maternal uncle, the grand duke of "Weimar, and settled at Eisenach. When the prospects of her son for the throne of France were blasted by the success of Na- poleon III., disappointment preyed upon her mind; her health failed, and during a visit to her husband's family in England she died. A collection of her letters has been published, and a memoir of her life translated by Mrs. Austin from the French (8vo, London, 1859). The decree of perpetual exile of the Orleans family, passed May 30, 1848, was abrogated by the general assembly at Versailles in June, 1871 ; and in November, 1872, a bill was passed restoring their immense estates, confiscated by Napoleon III., June 22, 1852. For accounts of other members of the family see ATJMALE, CHAE- TEES (duke de), JOINVILLE, Louis PHILIPPE, MONTPENSIER, NEMOURS, and PARIS (count de). ORLEANS, Maid of. See JOAN OF ABO.