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718 OSHMOONEYN OSIER ness blocks are substantially built of brick, and many of the residences are surrounded with handsome grounds. The main business street is paved, and the other principal streets are gravelled and bordered with shade trees, af- fording fine drives. The chief public buildings are the court house ; the northern state insane asylum, with a frontage of 800 ft., costing more than $600,000 ; the high school building, erected at a cost of more than $60,000 ; and the state normal school building. The building and grounds of the stock growers' association, where the northern state fairs are held, are worthy of mention. The trade of Oshkosh is important, the sales of merchandise amounting to about $4,000,000 a year. Lines of steamers in the season of navigation ply to New London on the Wolf river, to Berlin on the Upper Fox, and to Green Bay ; and sailing vessels trans- port lumber, building stone, sand, and brick to and from the E. shore of Lake Winnebago. The city is largely engaged in manufacturing, the chief establishments being 24 saw mills, 15 shingle mills, 3 founderies and machine shops (producing steam engines, circular mills, and other iron work), 8 planing mills, 7 sash and door factories, 3 wood-turning establish- ments, 2 match factories, 2 grist mills, 2 manu- factories of furniture, 2 of agricultural imple- ments, 2 of steam boilers, 1 of extension tables, 1 of ornamental fence, 1 of boots and shoes, 1 of soap and candles, 1 of trunks, several of carriages, 1 of barrels, 2 ship yards, 6 brew- eries, 2 tanneries, lime works, &c. The annual value of the manufactures is about $4,000,000. There are two national banks and a savings bank. Oshkosh is divided into six wards, and is governed by a mayor and a board of three aldermen from each ward. It has a small police force and a fire department. Sessions of the United States courts for the eastern district of Wisconsin are held here once a year. There are four leading hotels, an opera house, a business college, several private schools, a dai- ly and four weekly (one German) newspapers, two monthly periodicals, and a library associ- ation possessing about 1,500 volumes. Besides the high school building there are nine public school buildings, with graded schools, attended by about 2,300 pupils. The churches, 19 in number besides two missions, are as follows : 2 Baptist, 1 Congregational, 2 Episcopal, 1 Evangelical Reformed, 2 Lutheran, 1 Lutheran Evangelical, 3 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Metho- dist Oalvinistic, 2 Presbyterian, 3 Roman Cath- olic, and 1 Universalist. Trading posts were established by the French Canadians on the site of Oshkosh soon after 1820, but the perma- nent settlement of the city dates from 1836. It was incorporated in 1853. Four destructive fires have swept over it: in May, 1859; May, 1866; July, 1874; and April, 1875. OSHMOONETO, or Ashmoonein. See HEKMO- POLIS MAGNA. OSIANDER, Andreas, often called by his Ger- man name of HOSEMANN or HOSSMANN, a Ger- man reformer, born at Gunzenhausen, Fran- conia, Dec. 19, 1498, died Oct. 17, 1552. He studied at Leipsic, Altenburg, and Ingolstadt, became teacher of Hebrew in the Augustinian convent of Nuremberg, and in 1522 pastor of a church in that city, which post he held for 26 years. He joined Luther's party immediate- ly after the attack on indulgences, participated in the conference in 1529 at Marburg between the Swiss and Lutheran divines in regard to the doctrine of the real presence, and was present at Augsburg in 1530, and at Schmal- kalden in 1546. On the promulgation of the Augsburg Interim in 1548 he left Nuremberg, but was invited by Albert, duke of Prussia, to become pastor and professor of theology in the university of Konigsberg. He propaga- ted opinions concerning penitence, the divine image in man, the two natures of Christ, and justification, which were combated by Melanch- thon, and led to a warm controversy, which continued for years after his death, ending in the execution of his son-in-law and partisan Funck and two of his friends for sedition, trea- son, and promoting the false doctrines of Osian- der, with the formal condemnation of their heresies (1566). Osiander was very learned and eloquent, but a violent controversialist. He published works on the " Harmony of the Gospels," on the " Last Times and the End of the World," on " Prohibited Marriages," &c. OSIER (Fr. osier; Gr. oZrof), the name of those willows the long and pliant shoots of which are used for basket making. In Eng- land the basket makers use the name exclusive- ly for the rods of the white osier (salix mmi- nalis) and a few other soft kinds, while the Common Osier (Salix viminalis). Staminate and Pistillate Catkins and Flowers. harder and better rods produced by other spe- cies are known as basket willows, or simply willows. In English works 30 or 40 species and varieties of willow are named as producing useful osiers, some of which are naturally large trees, but are kept small by the treatment to