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OXFORD UNIVERSITY 763 ogy and of ecclesiastical history, by Victoria. Those founded by individuals after whom they are named, and otherwise, with their dates, are as follows : Margaret professorship of di- vinity, 1503- ; Savilian of geometry and of as- tronomy, 1619 ; Sedleian of natural philoso- phy, and Whyte's of moral philosophy, 1621 ; Oamden of ancient history, 1622; Tomlins of anatomy, 1624, annexed in 1858 to the Linacre of physiology; of music, 1626; of botany, 1633; Laudian of Arabic, 1636 ; of poetry, 1708 ; the lord almoner's of Arabic, date unknown; of experimental philosophy, 1749 ; Vinerian of English law, 1758 ; clinical, 1780 ; Rawlinso- nian of Anglo-Saxon, 1795 ; Aldrichian of an- atomy, of the practice of medicine, and of chemistry, 1803, of which the first was an- nexed in 1858 to the Linacre of physiology, the second to the regius of medicine, and the third was suppressed in 1866, when the Wayn- flete of chemistry was established at Magda- len college ; of mineralogy, 1813 ; of geology, 1818 ; of political economy, 1825 ; Boden of Sanskrit, 1830; of logic; of the exegesis of Holy Scripture, 1847; Corpus of Latin litera- ture, Chichele's of international law and di- plomacy and of modern history, Waynflete of moral and metaphysical philosophy and of chemistry, and Linacre of physiology, all in 1854 ; Hope of zoology, 1861 ; of comparative philology, 1868 ; Corpus of jurisprudence, and Slade of fine art, 1869 ; and Ford of English history, 1870. The pay of the professors is from 50 to 900 a year, averaging about 380. The majority of the professors have heretofore taken little part in practical teaching. Except in a few merely formal cases, attendance upon their lectures is not compulsory ; and they have employed their time in such literary or artis- tic pursuits as their tastes dictated. Besides these professors, there are a choragus, or mas- ter of musical praxis ; demonstrators of experi- mental philosophy, chemistry, and anatomy; readers of English law and ancient history; lecturers on the Septuagint; teacherships of modern languages ; and teachers of Hindostani and of Indian law and history. There are 37 scholarships, most of which are bestowed for proficiency in some particular branch of study ; some are only open to those who have passed all examinations for the degree of B. A., and other conditions differ ill each case. Most of them are tenable for three years, have an aver- age annual income of about 60, and are open to general competition. There is one exhibi- tion tenable for one year, with an income of. 25. There are 18 prizes, but not all of them offered for competition every year. Many of them can be competed for only by those who have received the degree of B. A. Their aver- age value is about 30. The following named buildings and institutions belong to the univer- sity. The Bodleian library, founded by Sir Thomas Bodley, opened in 1602, is one of the great libraries of the world. (See BODLEIAN LIBEABY.) Connected with it is a reading room called the Camera Bodleiana, which contains all the newest works and the great Hope col- lection of engraved portraits. The Clarendon press building was completed in 1830. All the printing of the university, and of the works of private authors the publication of which the university sees fit to undertake, is done here. Books printed for the university have the words E TypograpJieo Clarendoniano, or "At the Clarendon Press," in the imprint. The thea- tre, founded by Gilbert Sheldon, archbishop of Canterbury and chancellor of the university, was opened in 1669. The Ashmolean museum was erected by the university (1679-'83) for the reception of the collection of natural and ar- tificial curiosities presented by Elias Ashmole ; it also contains a museum of antiquities and the Arundel marbles. The Clarendon build- ing (formerly the Clarendon press building), so called because its cost was partly defrayed from the copyright on Lord Clarendon's " History of the Rebellion," which was presented to the university, is the seat of its general business. It contains the delegates' room, police room, and various other offices. The Radcliffe ob- servatory, erected with funds bequeathed by Dr. Radcliffe, is well furnished, and observa- tions are regularly made. The Taylor institu- tion, for the encouragement of the study of modern European languages, was erected in 1848 from a bequest of Sir Robert Taylor, and forms one building with that next mentioned. It contains a library and a reading room, in which may "be found most of the leading pe- riodicals of the continent. Its curators also have charge of a bequest of W. T. Horner, earl of Ilchester, for the encouragement of the study of the languages, literature, and history of the Slavic nations. The university galleries, containing works of art, were opened in 1845. The university museum, begun in 1855, is in- tended to promote the study of natural science. It contains lecture rooms, a spacious library and reading room, work rooms, laboratories, experimental apparatus, and all other facili- ties for investigating the phenomena of nature. This building also now contains the Radcliffe library. The botanic garden of about five acres was founded in 1632. The convocation house is used for the general business of convocation and for conferring degrees. The "divinity school " and " the schools " are no longer used for the purposes of instruction, but for con- ferring degrees in divinity, for public examina- tions, and other purposes. Besides these in- stitutions directly under the control of the university as a corporate body, there is a much larger number called colleges and halls, each with a separate government, but organically connected with the university. Previous to the middle of the 13th century the students at Oxford resided in the town in such places as their circumstances dictated. Sometimes several students would associate themselves, hire a building, choose some graduate of the higher degrees as their principal or guardian,