Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XII.djvu/790

776 OZOLIAN LOCRIANS OZONE Ibs. of butter, 15,897 of wool, and 14,726 tons of hay. There were 3,690 horses, 5,641 milch cows, 4,630 other cattle, 5,482 sheep, and 5,820 swine ; 1 manufactory of machinery, 1 of wool- len goods, 3 tanneries, 7 flour mills, 5 saw mills, and 6 breweries. Capital, Ozaukee. OZOLIAN LOCRIANS. See LOCEIS. OZONE (Gr. fv, to smell), an allotropic and particularly active condition of oxygen. Van Marum, toward the end of the last century, while experimenting with a powerful electrical machine, made the first observations on ozone, noticing its peculiar smell and its power of attacking mercury. His discovery attracted no attention for more than half a century, when Schonbein, who first satisfactorily inves- tigated the subject, presented in 1840 a paper to the academy of Munich. He found that in the electrolysis of acidulated water the gas collected at the positive pole had a peculiar odor, like that observed during the passage of a spark from the common electrical machine, or which accompanies a flash of lightning. The gas was found to be oxygen, but with new properties added to it, in consequence of its assuming an allotropic condition. (See AL- LOTROPISM.) He found soon after that the slow oxidation of phosphorus in moist air or oxygen was followed by the appearance of the same body, which was named ozone. Marignac and De la Rive obtained it by passing electric sparks through perfectly dry oxygen. They found, however, that dry air or oxygen did not become converted into ozone by the action of dry phosphorus. According to De Luca, the oxygen which is evolved by the action of light upon growing plants contains ozone. Schonbein and Phipson have observed that air in contact with juice of fungi becomes changed to ozone ; and the latter is of opinion that the processes of fermentation, putrefac- tion, and decay are always accompanied by the formation of ozone. Ozone may be conve- niently prepared by any of the following pro- cesses: 1. By placing two or three sticks of moist phosphorus in a bottle of air or oxygen. In an hour or two the presence of ozone will be manifest by its smell. The sticks of phos- phorus may then be taken out, and the ozone washed with water to remove the phosphor- ous acid with which it is contaminated. This method may be varied by passing a current of moist air through a series of Woulfe's bottles containing sticks of phosphorus, the last bot- tle containing no phosphorus, but water or a dilute alkaline solution. 2. By subjecting to electrolysis a mixture, according to Andrews, of one volume of sulphuric acid with three of water. According to Baumert, the mixture is more productive when strongly acidulated with both chromic and sulphuric acids. The appa- ratus used by Dr. Andrews is shown in fig. 1. " It consists of a bell jar, a, or glass cylindrical vessel, open below and contracted to a neck above, which is suspended in a round cell, 5 ', of porous earthenware, leaving a space of two inches between its lower edge and the bot- tom of the porous cell. The whole is placed in a glass jar, c c', of somewhat larger dimensions than the cell ; a bundle of platinum wires, p, suspended below the bell jar serves as the posi- tive pole, and a broad ribbon of platinum, n n placed between the outer glass jar and the po- rous cell as the negative pole of a voltaic ar- rangement of three or four couples. A delivery tube hermetically united to the neck of the bell jar conveys the mixture of oxygen and ozone disengaged at the positive pole to a sulphuric acid drying tube, d. From this the gas passes through the connecting tube e, and thence to the other tubes for the purpose of illustrating the properties of ozone. Thus, in the figure it is represented as traversing a tube of hard glass, //', covered with fine wire gauze, and terminating near the surface of mercury con- tained in the flask h. So long as the gas is heated strongly as it passes through the tube //' by the spirit lamps g g', not the slightest change is produced upon the mercury (in con- sequence of ozone being decomposed by heat) ; but when the lamps are removed and the tubes allowed to cool, the mercury is rapidly at- tacked." The oxygen collected at the positive pole contains about ^fg- of its weight of ozone. 3. By the slow oxidation of ether, oil of tur- pentine, and other essential oils. In 1850 Schonbein found that if a small quantity of ether is poured into a jar, and a clean glass rod heated to about 500 F. is introduced, the presence of ozone is manifested by the usual tests. 4. By transmitting a current of oxygen through a tube into which a pair of platinum wires is sealed, having their points a small dis- tance apart, and connecting one of the wires FIG. 2. with the prime conductor of an electrical ma- chine and the other with the ground. 5. A method devised by Siemens employs induction. A long glass tube, fig. 2, has its interior coat- ed with tin f oil ; a larger tube coated on the exterior with tin foil is passed over the smaller