Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XII.djvu/793

PACA PACHOMIUS 779 cleanly in habit, the flesh is fat and well fla- vored. A fossil species is found in the caves of Brazil. PACA, William, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, born in Harford co., Md., Oct. 31, 1740, died in 1799. He graduated at the college of Philadelphia in 1759, was admitted to the bar in 1764, settled in Annapolis, and in 1771 was chosen to the provincial legislature. He was a conspicuous opponent of the govern- ment, was appointed by the legislature to at- tend the first congress in 1774, and was elected to congress in 1775, 1776, and 1777. On the adoption of the constitution of his native state he was made state senator for two years. He was chief judge of the superior court of Mary- land from 1778 to 1780, when he became chief judge of the court of appeals in prize and ad- miralty cases. In 1782 he was elected gover- nor of Maryland. In 1786 he sat in congress, and was reflected governor. He served in the state convention that ratified the federal con- stitution, and in 1789 was appointed judge of the district court of the United States for Maryland, which post he held till his death. PACCARD, Alexis, a French architect, born in Paris, Jan. 19, 1813, died there in October, 1867. He was a son of the actor and writer Edme Jean Paccard, and studied in the school of fine arts and under Huyot and H. Le Bas. The great prize which he obtained in 1841 for his " Palace of an Ambassador in a Foreign Country " enabled him to spend several years in Kome and Athens. After his return to Paris in 1847 he became inspector and archi- tect of public buildings, and in 1853 architect to the museum of Fontainebleau. In Decem- ber, 1863, he was appointed professor of ar- chitecture in the school of fine arts. He pub- lished the " Parthenon of Athens " (1855), the first attempt in polychromic restorations. PACCHIOM, Antonio, an Italian anatomist, born in Reggio about 1665, died in Rome in 1726. He was associated at an early period with Malpighi in the practice of medicine, but soon devoted himself to anatomy, in which he made many original researches, particularly upon the brain and its membranes. Some of his conclusions with regard to the structure of these parts, especially as to the muscular nature and sensi- bility of the dura mater, proved erroneous, but he still justly deserves great credit as an ori- ginal investigator. His name is perpetuated in the anatomical designation of the glandules Pacchioni, small rounded bodies, composed of fibrous and elastic tissue, found adhering to. the membranes of the brain along the course of the great longitudinal fissure. These bodies were described by him, from their external appearance and connections, as conglobate lymphatic glands, the science of microscopic anatomy not being at that time sufficiently advanced to enable him to recognize their intimate structure. His principal works are : De Dura Matre Disquisitio anatomica (Rome, 1701); Dissertatio epistolaris de Glandulis conglobatis Duree Meningis Humance, indeque ortis LympJiaticis ad Piam Meningen produc- tis (1705); Disputationes l)inm illustrandis Durce Meningis et ejus Olandularum Struc- tures atque Usibus concinnatce (1713); and Dissertationes physico-anatomicce de Dura Me- ninge Humana, noms Experimentis et Lucu- Irationibus auctce et illustrates (1721). His collected works were published at Rome in 1741 (1 vol. 4to). PACHA, See PASHA. PACHACAMAC, Ruins of, the remains of an ancient Peruvian city, covering a large area, seven leagues from the city of Lima, near the modern town of Lurin. It was the sacred city of the supreme divinity of Peru, Pachacamac, and was distinguished for a magnificent temple dedicated to him. Its door was richly incrusted with corals and precious stones. The golden keys of this temple, given by Pizarro to the pilot Quintero, were valued at 4,000 marks. PACHECO, Francisco, a Spanish painter, born in Seville in 1571, died there in 1654. From an early age he wrote verses in Spanish and in Latin. Until the age of 40 his reputation as a painter was confined to Seville, where he resided. He visited Madrid and the Escurial in 1611, and on his return opened an acade- my of painting on a more comprehensive scale than had previously been attempted in Spain; among its students was Velazquez, who mar- ried Pacheco's daughter. In 1618 he was ap- pointed by the inquisition censor of the pic- tures exposed for sale in Seville, his chief duty being to see that none representing the nude human figure were sold. One of his regular occupations was the painting and gilding of statues. He passed his latter years in Seville, where his residence became the resort of men eminent in literature and art, and particular- ly of the Jesuits, to whom he was indebted for copious materials and hints for his Arte. de pintura (4to, 1649). His paintings are rarely met with out of Spain. His masterpiece is the " Archangel Michael expelling Satan from Paradise," at Seville. Among his most famous works are "Ignatius Loyola " and " The Last Judgment," at Seville, and " The Baptism of Christ," at Granada. He executed several hundred portraits in crayon. PACHOMIFS, Saint, the founder of the first or- ganized monastic community, born in Upper Egypt in 292, died about 348. He was born a pagan, but about the age of 20, while serving in the army, became a convert to Christian- ity. As soon as his term of military service expired he placed himself under the direc- tion of a hermit of the Thebaid named Palse- mon, and afterward (340) retired to the island of Tabennse in the Nile, between the nomes of Tentyra and Thebes. His disciples soon became numerous. They occupied different houses, each of which had its superior, and several houses combined formed a monastery, which was ruled by an abbot. The whole body of monks, amounting at times to 7,000,