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PACINI Cape Horn. They are not found near the American shore north of Panama, nor in the Asiatic seas bordering on the Pacific. Fish are abundant everywhere, and constitute an important item in the food of the populations, but do not yet form an article of commerce comparable to the cod and herring of the At- lantic. Mollusks and Crustacea present a great variety, the shells being particularly noted for their beauty. Among the echinoderms the holothurice or sea slugs deserve mention as forming an article of trade for the China mar- ket under the name of tripang or biche de mer. The corals have been mentioned as forming a large part of the Polynesian islands ; others they surround by fringing and barrier reefs. Their geographical distribution is dependent on the temperature of the currents. Thus on the American coast no corals are found S. of the equator, on account of the cold Peruvian current, nor on the North American coast S. of the extremity of the Californian peninsula. But in the western part of the ocean coral reefs are found in abundance in a range of lati- tude extending from 24 S., the extremity of the great Australian reef, and 25 S. among the Paumotou islands, to 28 30' N. among the small islands N. W. of the Hawaiian group. The North Pacific has its Sargasso sea, bearing the same relation to the Japanese and North Pacific currents which the Atlantic Sargasso sea bears to the Gulf stream. (See ATLANTIC OCEAN.) It is situated N. of the Hawaiian islands, but is little known in its details. Our knowledge is still more scanty with regard to an accumulation of seaweed to the eastward of New Zealand. PACIM, Giovanni, an Italian composer, born in Catania, Feb. 11, 1796, died near Pescia, Dec. 6, 1867. He was sent to Rome to be educa- ted as a chapelmaster, whence he is known in Italy as Pacini di Roma. He afterward studied under Mattel in Bologna. After composing several masses, at the age of 18 he produced a comic opera entitled Annetta e Lucinda, which proved successful. From that period till 1830 he was a prolific composer of pieces for the stage, which in style resemble the produc- tions of Rossini. In 1830 his opera Criovanna d'Arco failed in Milan, and the composer ceased thenceforth to write for the stage. In 1836 he became director of the conservatory at Via- reggio. Among his best known operas are Saffo, L 1 ultimo giorno di Pompei, and Medea. PACKARD, Alphens Spring, jr., an American naturalist, born in Brunswick, Me., Feb. 19, 1839. He graduated at Bowdoin college in 1861, passed three years in the museum of compara- tive zoology at Cambridge, Mass., part of the time in charge of the department of entomolo- gy, and in 1864 received the degree of M. D. from the Maine medical college. He has made several scientific expeditions; is lecturer on entomology at Bowdoin college ; is a curator of the Peabody academy of sciences at Salem, Mass., and one of the editors of the " American 627 VOL. xii. 50 PADILLA 783 Naturalist" published by the academy; and editor of the "Annual Record of Entomology," begun in 1868; He has published "Observa- tions on the Glacial Phenomena of Labrador and Maine, with a View of the Recent In- vertebrate Fauna of Labrador" (4to, Boston, 1867); "A Guide to the Study of Insects" (1869); "Our Common Insects" (1873); and " Half Hours with Insects " (1875). PACTOLIJS (now Sarabat), a small river of Lydia, which had its source on the N. side of Mt. Tmolus, and, after a northerly course past Sardis, united with the Hermus. It was long famous for its gold washings, but at the begin- ning of the Christian era the " golden sands " were not worth collecting. (See MIDAS.) PACKVIUS, Marcos, a Roman dramatic poet, born in Brundusium about 219 B. 0., died there about 130. He passed most of his life in Rome, where he devoted himself with considerable success to painting, and executed some works in the temple of Hercules in the forum Boarium. The ancient writers agree in styling him one of the greatest of the Latin tragic poets ; and though most of his subjects were borrowed from the Greek dramatists, his plays were not mere translations. He composed several tra- gedies founded on Roman history, besides a play called Dulorestes. Only fragments of his writings are now extant. They were collected by Henry Stephens (Paris, 1564), and have been printed by Bothe in his "Fragments of the Latin Scenic Poets" (Leipsic, 1834), and in several editions of the Corpus Poetarum Latinorum. PADANG. See STJMATKA. PADERBORN, a town of Prussia, in Westpha- lia, on the river Pader and on the railway from Berlin to the Rhine, 40 m. S. by W. of Minden ; pop. in 1871, 13,727. It contains a cathedral of the llth century, a seminary with faculties of theology and philosophy, a Catholic gymna- sium, a normal school, four convents, and sev- eral asylums. It has manufactures of brandy and several other articles, and a considerable trade in agricultural produce. Paderborn was founded by Charlemagne, who assembled here several diets of Saxony, and made the town a bishopric, which was subsequently erected into a principality of the empire. In the mid- dle ages it belonged to the Hanseatic league. Ceded to Prussia in 1803, it was incorporated with the kingdom of Westphalia in 1807, and restored to Prussia by the treaty of Vienna. PADILLA, Juan Lopez de, a Spanish patriot, born about 1490, executed at ViUalar, April 24, 1521. He was one of the foremost to com- plain of the grievances to which the Castilians were subjected' under the Flemish officials ap- pointed by Charles V. ; and when the cortes in 1520 voted the monarch a " free gift " without obtaining the redress of any of their wrongs, he incited the people of Toledo to insurrection, was appointed their leader, and organized a popular form of government. Similar risings took place at Segovia, Toro, Salamanca, Mur-