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148 PASQUIN PASQUIN, the name given to a mutilated statue in Rome, standing at the end of the Braschi palace near the piazza Navona. In its immediate neighborhood, in the latter half of the 15th century, was the shop of a tailor named Pasquin, or Pasquino, which was much frequented bj people of consequence for the purpose of hearing the current gossip and scandal, and the facetious stories and satirical remarks of Pasquin and his workmen, to whom the utmost license of speech seems to have been allowed. So many caustic personalities emanated from this place, that gradually every bitter saying was attributed to Pasquin or his shop. Etiquette forbade the sufferer by such libels, or pasquinades as they were called, to exhibit any resentment. After Pasquin's death the statue was dug out and set up near his shop, and the populace declared that Pasquin had come to life again. The mutilated torso was called by his name, and thenceforth the custom arose of attaching to it bits of satiri- cal writing, which frequently took the shape of lampoons upon persons in high station, the pope and cardinals being favorite objects of attack. The statue of Marforio, supposed to be that of a river god, which about the close of the 16th century was 1 placed, in the palazzo de* conservatori on the Oapitoline hill, was made the vehicle for replying to the attacks of Pasquin ; and other statues in various parts of the city occasionally issued an epigram on pub- lic affairs. Pasquin, however, maintained his supremacy over all rivals. The first true pas- quinades date from the pontificate of Leo X., and after the lapse of three and a half centuries Pasquin still pursues his ancient avocation. Satirical epigrams however were published previous to Leo's accession. PASQUOTANK, a N. E. county of North Caro- lina, bordering on Yirginia, and bounded N". E. by the Pasquotank river, and S. by Albemarle sound ; area, about 300 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 8,131, of whom 3,951 were colored. Its sur- face is low and level, including a portion of the Dismal swamp, and in some places fertile. The Pasquotank river is navigable for small vessels to Elizabeth City, and a branch of the Dismal Swamp canal crosses the county. The chief productions in 1870 were 22,086 bushels of wheat, 434,985 of Indian corn, 23,937 of sweet potatoes, and 110 bales of cotton. There were 738 horses, 1,016 milch cows, 2,094 other cattle, 702 sheep, and 7,868 swine. Capital, Elizabeth City. PASSAGLIA, Carlo, an Italian theologian, born at San Paolo, near Lucca, May 12, 1812. He became a Jesuit in 1827, studied philosophy and theology in the Roman college, and taught successively canon law and theology there till 1858, when he left the society of Jesus and was appointed by the pope professor in the Sapienza. In the discussions which preceded the proclamation of the dogma of the Immacu- late Conception, he and Padre Perrone, anoth- er Jesuit, were chiefly conspicuous, Passaglia PASSAIC having published at the expense of the Roman government an elaborate work on the subject, and having prepared the first draught of the bull of definition, Ineffabilis Deus. In 1859 he published in Latin an appeal to the bishops of Italy pressing on their attention the claims of Italian unity, and urging the pope to abdi- cate his temporal power. He also undertook a journey to Turin to induce the ministry of Victor Emanuel to compromise with the pope. Meanwhile his appeal was placed on the In- dex, and his house was put under the surveil- lance of the police. These measures compelled him after his return to leave Rome in disguise, and he took up his residence in Turin. There he established the journal II Mediatore, which continued to appear from 1862 to 1866. He was appointed by the king professor of moral philosophy and subsequently of theology in the university of Turin, and was elected a member of the Italian parliament in January, 1863 ; but there his conciliatory views met with little favor from the majority. He caused no little excitement about the same time by the publica- tion of two papers, the one arguing the obliga- tion of the pope to reside in Rome even after its eventual conversion into the capital of Italy, and the second claiming the right of appeal against papal excommunications, and asserting that they can only be lawfully used for spirit- ual purposes. He strenuously opposed the declaration of papal infallibility. His principal works are : De Prcerogativis Beati Petri, Apos- tolorum Principis (Ratisbon, 1850) ; Commenta- rius Theologicus de Partitione Divince Volun- tatis (Rome, 1851) ; Pro Causa Italica ad Episcopos CatJiolicos (Florence, 1859) ; and La questione dell* independenza ed nnitd dinanzi al clero (Florence, 1861) ; besides remarkable treatises on the eternity of future punishments and other theological matters. PASSAIC, a N". county of New Jersey, border- ing on N"ew York, bounded S. W. by the Pe- quannock and intersected by the Ringwood, Ramapo, and Passaic rivers ; area, about 220 - sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 46,416. Its surface is diversified, and the soil is generally fertile. It is intersected by the Morris canal and the Erie railroad, the New Jersey division of the New York and Oswego Midland, and the Delaware, Lackawanna, and "Western railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 15,223 bushels of rye, 68,407 of Indian corn, 36,467 of oats, 13,308 of buckwheat, 87,950 of potatoes, 159,418 Ibs. of butter, and 11,396 tons of hay. There were 1,539 horses, 3,299 milch cows, 2,402 other cattle, 1,886 sheep, and 1,694 swine. There are a large number of manufactories, chiefly at Paterson, the county seat. PASSAIC, a river of N"ew Jersey, which rises in Mendham, Morris co., flows S. for a few miles and then E. between Somerset and Mor- ris cos., then N. N. E. between the latter and "Union and Essex cos., crosses Passaic co. in an easterly direction, and turning S. after a very devious course of about 90 m. enters Newark