Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIII.djvu/430

416 PHILIP THE MAGNANIMOUS PHILIPPIANS bitions and resign himself to living in the po- sition which his own dukedom would afford him as a subject prince, he changed his policy after years of persistence. On Aug. 6, 1435, he brought about negotiations at Arras for a treaty between the two countries, by which Charles VII. was only to lose a few provinces. The English refused these conditions ; but on Sept. 21 Philip made a separate peace with the French king, by the terms of which he largely increased his possessions, already aug- mented by his marriage in 1424 with his cousin Jacobsea of Holland. From this time Philip de- voted himself to the improvement of his own states, and made his court one of the leading ones of Europe. But he was frequently dis- turbed in his rule by the insurrections of Ghent and Bruges, and these several times attained formidable dimensions. His last great military measure was his endeavor to unite the princes of the German empire in a crusade against the Turks. The undertaking failed, chiefly through Philip's anxiety concerning the designs of his old enemy Charles VII., whose son, afterward Louis XL, had sought refuge in his territory. Philip's later years were disturbed by dissen- sions with his son and the French dauphin, Avhom he had protected. After the death of Jacobsea, who left him without issue, he was twice married, his last wife being Isabella of Portugal, the mother of his only son, Charles the Bold. PHILIP THE MAGNAOTMOrS, landgrave of Hesse, born in Marburg, Nov. 13, 1504, died in Cassel, March 31, 1567. In 1509 he succeeded 'his father William II., under the regency of ihis mother, and in 1523 married a daughter of 'George the Bearded, duke of Saxony. He was one of the earliest champions of the reforma- tion, and in 1531, with John the Constant, the elector of Saxony, and other members of the empire, formed the Smalcald league, and subse- quently shared its military leadership with the elector John Frederick. Maurice of Saxony, who married his daughter in 1541, and who nevertheless cooperated with the emperor Charles V. in the battle of Muhlberg (April 24, 1547), in which the league was overwhelm- ingly defeated, subsequently turned against the emperor and insisted upon the release of Phil- ip, his father-in-law, who had been treach- erously retained a captive, as a condition of the treaty of peace at Passau (Aug. 2, 1552) ; but Philip was compelled by the emperor to pay a large indemnity. He afterward resumed the government of his landgraviate, and bequeath- ed Cassel, Marburg, Rheinfels, and Darmstadt respectively to his four sons. During the life- time of his wife, who was a Catholic, he had secretly married in 1540 a Protestant lady, Margaret von der Saale. The assent of Luther and Melanchthon to this act, on his plea that the former marriage was adulterous, occa- sioned great scandal. Among his biographers are Rommel (Giessen, 1830), Hofmeister (Cas- sel, 1846), and Kinck (Darmstadt, 1852). PHILIPPEVILLE, a fortified town of Algeria, in the province of Constantine, on the gulf of Stora, 40 m. W. of Bona ; pop. in 1872, 13,022, mostly of European descent. It is the seat of a civil tribunal and an Arabic bureau, and has a Catholic and a Protestant church, a mosque, a hospital, a museum, and barracks. A consid- erable transit trade from Europe to Constan- tine and the eastern Sahara passes through this city. It is connected by steamships with Marseilles and Algiers. The valleys around the town are very fertile ; the hills are wood- ed, and cork trees abound. Philippeville was founded by the French in 1839, on the site and partly with the materials of the ancient Rusicada, and is called by the Arabs Ras Skiada. PHILIPPI, an ancient city of Macedonia Adjecta, near the shore of the .^Egean sea, enlarged by Philip, father of Alexander the Great, from whom it received its name. Pre- viously, as a town of Thrace, it had been called Crenides, the "place of fountains," from the numerous streams in the neighborhood. Near it were gold mines, which were not very pro- ductive until worked by Philip, who obtained from them 1,000 talents a year. It was taken by the Macedonian monarch about 357 B. 0., and fortified as a protection against the Thra- cian mountaineers. At Philippi the fate of the Roman republic was decided in the contest be- tween Brutus and Cassius on one side, and Antony and Octavius on the other, in the au- tumn of 42 B. 0. There were two engage- ments on the same ground, 20 days apart, in the first of which Brutus gained the advantage over Octavius, and Antony over Cassius ; in the second Brutus was totally routed. Phi- lippi was afterward made a Roman colony by Augustus. It was twice visited by Paul (Acts xvi. and xx.), and was the first place in Europe where he preached the gospel ; and to the church founded there he addressed one of his epistles. Subsequently Philippi became the ec- clesiastical capital of Macedonia Prima, when the province was divided by Theodosius II. It is now a mass of ruins, of which the chief are the remains of an amphitheatre, the colos- sal relics of a temple of Claudius, and some enormous marble columns. PHILIPPIMS, Epistle to the, a canonical book of the New Testament, written, according to the unanimous testimony of the ancient church, by the apostle Paul. It is expressly referred to by Polycarp, by the letter sent from the churches of Vienna and Lyons in A. D. 177, and by many of the earliest fathers. In mod- ern times its authenticity has been questioned by Baur (Paulus, der Apostel Jesu Christi, 1845), against whom it has been in particular defended by Lunemann (1847) and Hilgenfeld, in the ZeitscJirift fur wissenschaftliche The- ologie (1871). The epistle was probably writ- ten at Rome in A. D. 63, toward the close of the imprisonment mentioned in the last chap- ter of the Acts. The occasion for it seems to have been given by a pecuniary contribution