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706 POOR POPE died in 1838, and the capacious and salubrious quarters of the English army, this being the most important military station in the Deccan. Poonah had double its present population and many noted branches of industry while it was the capital of the Mahrattas, whose final over- throw in 1819 was fatal to the town. But it has lately shown signs of improvement, and is connected by railway with Bombay. Paper is almost the only manufacture, and the arid soil of the vicinity is not favorable to pro- duction. It is the capital of the district of Poonah (area, 4,280 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 792,352), a dry mountainous region, almost without trees, and watered chiefly by the Beemah and its affluents. POOR, Daniel, an American missionary, born in Danvers, Mass., June 27, 1789, died in Ma- nepy, Ceylon, Feb. 3, 1855. He graduated at Dartmouth college in 1811, and at the theo- logical seminary at Andover in 1814. In Oc- tober, 1815, he sailed for Ceylon in company with other missionaries, and reached Colombo in March, 1816. He went to Tillipally near Jaffna, studied the Tamil language, and in July, 1823, took charge of the mission semi- nary at Batticotta. In 1835 he went to Ma- tura to aid in opening a new mission, and 37 schools were soon organized mainly through his agency. He returned to Tillipally in 1841, and there labored till 1848, when he visited the United States. Returning to Ceylon in 1851, he settled at Manepy. He died suddenly of cholera. He published several tracts in the English and Tamil languages. His son, DAN- IEL W., was long the pastor of a Presbyterian church in Newark, N. J., and is now (1875) professor of ecclesiastical history in the Pres- byterian theological seminary at San Francisco. POOR, Little Sisters of the. See SISTERHOODS. POPAYAN, an inland city of the United States of Colombia, capital of the state of Cauca, on the Rio Molino, 228 m. S. W. of Bogota ; pop. about 16,000. It is situated in a delightful plain about 2,500 ft. above the sea, in the vi- cinity of the volcanoes Purace and Sotara, and overlooked by the wood-covered mountain M, so named from its shape. The streets are reg- ular and are well kept ; and the houses, most- ly of sun-dried brick, are neat and well built. Among the public edifices, some of which are excellent, are the cathedral, several churches and hermitages, six convents, the episcopal palace, a hospital, and a mint founded in 1749. The educational institutions include a univer- sity, a college, and public and private schools. There are several public squares. Coarse wool- len goods are manufactured. The traffic in precious metals, once flourishing, has of late years diminished considerably ; and the city derives its chief importance from being the main commercial entrepot between Bogota and Quito. Popayan was founded in 1536 by Belalcazar. It has frequently suffered from earthquakes, particularly in 1827, when it was almost entirely destroyed by one, which was accompanied by an eruption of the volcano Purace, and an inundation from the Cauca. POPE. I. A N. W. county of Arkansas, bor- dered S. W. by the Arkansas river and W. part- ly by Big Piney creek, and drained by Illinois bayou and other streams ; area, about 800 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 8,386, of whom 575 were colored. It has a hilly surface and a fertile soil. The chief productions in 1870 were 21,363 bushels of wheat, 225,152 of Indian corn, 10,- 834 of oats, 6,306 of Irish and 8,114 of sweet potatoes, 42,797 Ibs. of butter, and 3,070 bales of cotton. There were 1,461 horses, 1,897 milch cows, 3,745 other cattle, 3,826 sheep, and 15,137 swine. Capital, Dover. II. A S. county of Illinois, bordered S. E. by the Ohio river, which separates it from Kentucky, and intersected by Big Bay creek ; area, 374 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 11,437. It has a rolling sur- face, and the soil is a fertile sandy loam. The chief productions in 1870 were 70,457 bushels of wheat, 315,958 of Indian corn, 67,886 of oats, 58,326 of potatoes, 96,796 Ibs. of butter, 19,334 of wool, and 122,693 of tobacco. There were 2,217 horses, 1,848 milch cows, 3,635 other cattle, 9,557 sheep, and 12,676 swine. Capital, Golconda. III. A W. county of Min- nesota, drained by Chippewa river, a tributary of the Minnesota ; area, 720 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 2,691. It contains several lakes. The St. Paul and Pacific railroad passes through the S. W. corner. It has a rolling prairie sur- face and a fertile soil. The chief productions in 1870 were 53,721 bushels of wheat, 44,395 of oats, 20,528 of potatoes, 65,375 Ibs. of but- ter, and 8,567 tons of hay. There were 360 horses, 3,081 cattle, 964 sheep, and 790 swine. Capital, Glenwood. POPE (Gr. TraTrd, father), a title applied by the eastern Christians to all priests, and in the West originally given to all bishops, but now restricted to the bishop of Rome. The Roman Catholics regard the pope as the legitimate successor of St. Peter and the visible head of the church, the invisible head being Christ. He was anciently elected by the people of his diocese, but is now chosen by the cardinals, a vote of two thirds being required to elect. Both on account of the geographical position of Rome and of the union of temporal and ecclesiastical power in the person of its bish- ops, they have for several centuries been exclu- sively Italians. The last pope of foreign birth was Adrian VI. (1522), a native of Utrecht. According to Roman Catholic writers, the bishop of Rome has always been recognized as the superior of all other Christian bishops ; but Protestant historians date his supremacy generally from about the 4th century. Much obscurity rests on the chronology of the popes of the first three centuries, more particularly of the 1st century. Linus is supposed by some authors to have been the vicegerent of Peter, as well as his successor ; while Cletus and Anacietus are mentioned in some catalogue as one person, and in others as two distinct