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96 PURtfS The sea purslanes, sesunium portulacastrum, found along the shores of the southern states, and S. pentandrum, from Long Island south- ward, have much the habit of the common purslane, but have no petals, though the calyx is purplish inside, and usually numerous sta- mens. Black purslane and milk purslane are names given in some parts of the country to euphorbia maculata&nd E. hypericifolia, which are also common garden weeds, and have a prostrate habit like purslane ; they can at once be distinguished from purslane by their copious milky juice. They belong to a dangerously active family, and the term purslane should not be applied to them, as their proper name is spurge. Belonging to the purslane family are several interesting genera, including Clay- fonia, with two handsome species known in the eastern states as spring beauty, and a dozen or more on the Pacific coast. Calan- drinia is an allied showy genus, some species of which are cultivated in gardens. Pl'KlS, a river of South America, rising about lat. 14 S., in the mountains E. of Cuzco, Peru, and flowing in a northeasterly direction to its junction with the Amazon, into which it falls by two principal and three minor mouths, the extremes of which are over 100 in. apart. The most easterly branch is 125 m. W. of the Rio Negro. A part of its upper course is on the borders of Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil, and the lower, more than half of the whole, through the latter country. Its entire length is estima- ted, inclusive of curves, at upward of 2,000 m., and it flows through uninterrupted primeval forests of great beauty. The Purus, probably the Amam-mayu of the Incas and the Mad re de Dios of the early Spaniards, is the most im- portant of all the Amazon feeders W. of the Madeira, parallel to which it rolls and with which it communicates. It is navigable unin- terruptedly from the Amazon, about Ion. 60 30', to southern Peru. PUSEY, Edward Bonverie, an English clergy- man, born in 1800. He is the second son of the Hon. Philip Bouverie (who assumed the name of Pusey), younger brother of the first earl of Radnor. He graduated at Christ Church, Ox- ford, in 1822, obtained a fellowship in Oriel college, took orders, and in 1828 became canon of Christ Church cathedral and regius pro- fessor of Hebrew in the university, a post which he still holds. He shares with Dr. New- man the reputation of originating the so-called Anglo-Catholic movement in the church of England in 1833, which finds its best exponent in the celebrated "Tracts for the Times." Many of these, including an elaborate treatise on baptism, were written by Dr. Pusey, who also published letters in defence of his views to the archbishop of Canterbury and the bish- ops of Oxford and London. The characteristic tenets of the " Puseyite " party are judgment by works equally as by faith, baptismal regenera- tion, the apostolic succession of the clergy, the supreme authority of the church, the expedi- PUSHKIN ency of auricular confession and conventual establishments, and an efficacy in the sacra- ments of the church not inferior to that claimed exclusively by the Roman Catholic church. They aimed also at certain innovations in the ceremonies of public worship. In 1843 Dr. Pusey preached a sermon before the univer- sity, in which he was understood to confess his belief in the doctrine of transubstantiation ; and after an examination before a board of judges he was accordingly suspended from the office of preacher within the precincts of the university for three years. He was one of the editors of the " Library of Translations from the Fathers" and of the "Anglo-Catholic Library," and has adapted to the use of the church of England several Roman Catholic devotional works. He has published " Causes of Rationalism in Germany" (1828); "Re- marks on Cathedral Institutions" (2d ed., (1833) ; " Royal Supremacy in Spiritual Mat- ters "(1850); "The Doctrine of the Real Presence, gathered from the Fathers" (1855); " The Real Presence the Doctrine of the Eng- lish Church" (1857); "History of the Coun- cils of the Church, A. D. 51-381" (1857); "Commentary on the Minor Prophets" (in numbers, 1860-'ti2); "Daniel the Prophet: nine Lectures" (1864); and "The Church of England a Portion of Christ's one Holy Cath- olic Church" (1865). PUSHKIN, Alexander Sergeyevtteh, a Russian poet, born in Pskov, June 6, 1799, died in St. Petersburg, Feb. 10, 1837. He was the son of a nobleman, studied at Tzarskoye Selo, and became a clerk in the foreign office. In 1820 he was expelled on account of his " Ode to Liberty," and subsequently he was expelled from Odessa for his tirade against the governor general. The emperor Nicholas, after his acces- sion in 1825, reinstated him in his clerkship at St. Petersburg, and appointed him to prepare the history of Peter the Great. This shook his friends' belief in his liberalism, and his life was further embittered by what he fancied to be undue attentions paid to his beautiful wife by George Charles d' Anthes, a French officer in the Russian army (the future senator baron de Hee- keren). Although D' Anthes married Mme. Pushkin's sister to disarm the husband's suspi- cion, Pushkin fought a duel with him and was killed. The emperor gave a pension of 10,- 000 rubles to the widow, and provided for the children's education, and for the publication of a superb edition of Pushkin's works. A public subscription for a monument in his honor amounted on Jan. 1, 1874, to about 75,- 000 rubles. Among his earliest works were the poems " Ruslan and Liudmila," " The Prisoner of the Caucasus," a sketch, and " The Fountain of Bakhtchiserai," resembling By- ron's " Corsair." His masterpiece, " Eugene Onegin," a novel in verse, appeared between 1825 and 1828. His other works include the narrative poems "The Gypsies" (1827) and " Poltava " (1829) ; the dramatic poems " Boris