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REVOLVER REYNOLDS 283 state of Massachusetts, and after the war cast church bells and cannon. He built the cop- per-rolling works at Canton, Mass., now con- ducted by the Revere copper company. REVOLVER. See PISTOL. REYBACD, Marie Roeh Louis, a French author, born in Marseilles, Aug. 15, 1799. He was brought up as a merchant, made several com- mercial voyages, and in 1828 settled in Paris. He wrote for various liberal journals, and con- ducted the Histoire scientijique et militaire de ^expedition francaise en Egypte (10 vols. 8vo, with an atlas of 2 vols., l830-'36), edit- ing more particularly the six volumes relating to the expedition under Bonaparte, Kleber, and Menou. From 1837 to 1840 he published in the JRevue des Deux Mondes a review of Utopian theories, under the title of Etudes sur Us reformateurs et socialistes modernes (2 vols., 1840-'43 ; 7th ed., 1864), for which he received from the French academy the grand Montyon prize. His most popular work, Jerome Patu- rot d la recherche d^une position sociale (3 vols. 8vo, 1843), was followed by Jerome Paturot d la recherche de la meilleure des republiques (4 vols. 18mo, 1848). He has also written La Syric, V Egypte et la Palestine (4to, with plates, 1834 et seq.), in conjunction with Baron Tay- lor; La Polynesie (8vo, 1843); and IS Industrie en Europe (1856). M. Reybaud was elected to the legislature as a democrat in 1846, as a re- publican in 1848, and as a conservative in 1849 ; and he was a member of the consultative com- mission after the. coup d'etat of 1851. REYER, Louis Etienne Ernest, a French com- poser, whose real name is Rey, born in Mar- seilles, Dec. 1, 1823. He was employed in the civil service at Algiers till 1848. His Le Se- lam, for which Gautier wrote the words, was successfully performed in 1850, and in 1854 appeared his comic opera Maitre Wolfram. His subsequent works comprise Sacountala, a ballet, and the opera of La statue. His Ero- strate was less successful. His latest work is Souvenirs d'Allemagne (1875). REYKJAVIK (Icel. Reikjavig), a seaport town and the capital of Iceland, at the head of a bay opening into Faxafiord, on the S. W. coast ; lat. 64 8' 24" K, Ion. 21 55' 15" W. ; pop. about 1,400. It is the residence of the gov- ernor and the seat of the althing or legisla- ture and of the supreme court. It has a ca- thedral church, a college with six professors, a school of theology and other schools, an ob- servatory, a public library of 10,000 volumes, and two political newspapers. An important annual fair is held here. During summer reg- ular steam communication is maintained with Leith and Copenhagen. Reykiavik, founded in 874, was the first permanent settlement in Iceland. Its 1,000th anniversary was cele- brated on Aug. 7, 1874; and on the same day the municipality of Copenhagen voted 6,000 rixdalers for the erection of a monument there in honor of Thorwaldsen, whose father was a native of Iceland. REYNOLDS, a S. E. county of Missouri, drain- ed by the head waters of the Big Black river ; area, about 700 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 3,756, of whom 11 were colored. It has an undu- lating surface and fertile soil. The chief pro- ductions in 1870 were 13,382 bushels of wheat, 168,255 of Indian corn, 17,680 of oats, 13,385 Ibs. of tobacco, 6,607 of wool, and 48,000 of butter. There were 1,075 horses, 3,585 cat- tle, 4,810 sheep, and 9,953 swine. Capital, Centreville. REYNOLDS, Sir Joshua, an English painter, born at Plympton, Devonshire, July 16, 1723, died in London, Feb. 23, 1792. He was edu- cated in the free grammar school of Plympton, of which his father, the Rev. Samuel Reynolds, was master. In his 18th year he was placed with Hudson, the principal portrait painter of the time, and while with him made many care- ful copies of drawings by Guercino, which prob- ably disqualified him in after life for drawing correctly from the living model. About the age of 20 he settled as a portrait painter in Plymouth, and through the assistance of Lord Mount Edgecombe, Captain (afterward Lord) Keppel, and other naval officers, commenced his career with considerable success. After the death of his father in 1746 he removed to London. In 1749 he accompanied Keppel in his ship, the Centurion, to the Mediterranean, and for three years and a half studied his pro- fession in various cities of Italy. In the Vati- can he caught a severe cold which resulted in permanent deafness. He was unable at first to appreciate the paintings of Raphael, and they never had much influence upon his style, which naturally imitated that of the great Ve- netian masters more than any others. He re- turned in the latter part of 1752 to London, and by a full-length portrait of Commodore Keppel, executed not long after his arrival, placed himself at the head of his profession in England, and in public estimation almost on a level with Vandyke. Thenceforth until the close of his life he enjoyed unvarying pros- perity. He was soon obliged to employ several assistants to paint the draperies and other ac- cessories of his pictures. His paintings were very numerous, 244 being sent to the academy for exhibition. Dr. Johnson mentions in 1762 that his professional income was 6,000 guineas a year, and it must subsequently have reached a much higher sum, as his price for heads was increased gradually from 10 guineas in 1752 to 50 in 1779, the other sizes being in proportion. Of his portraits, which, as Macaulay has ob- served, " have preserved to us the thoughtful foreheads of so many writers and statesmen, and the sweet smiles of so many noble ma- trons," the number is very considerable, and the technical merits, especially with respect t<? color and chiaroscuro, are of the first order. His portraits of women and children are among the most admired productions of modern art. Amongfthe portraits of distinguished persons painted by him' may be mentioned those o/