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ROUGE ROUGE ET NOIR 449 many tombs, including that of Richard Coeur de Lion. Near the cathedral is the abbey church of St. Ouen, supposed to be one of the most perfect Gothic edifices in the world. It has a tower 260 ft. high, composed of open arches and tracery and terminating in a crown of fleurs de Us. Rouen is the seat of an arch- bishop, and of a Protestant and an Israelite consistory, and has a faculty of Catholic the- ology and a large theological seminary, a mu- seum rich in masterpieces of painting, a library of 120,000 volumes, an academy of science and arts, and several special schools. Among the public monuments is that of Corneille, who was born here. Rouen is the chief seat of French cotton manufacture. Ship building is carried on. Under the Romans Rotomagus was the capital of Gallia Lugdunensis Secunda. In the 3d century it was made the see of a bishop, and afterward was successively the capital of Neustria and of the duchy of Normandy. In 1204 Philip Augustus of France took it from John of England, but it was retaken by Henry V. in 1419, and retained by the English till 1449, when it was finally annexed to France. The maid of Orleans was burned here in 1431. Several engagements took place here at the end of 1870, and the Germans occupied the city from Dec. 5, 1870, till July 22, 1871. ROUGE. I. A pink cosmetic for the cheeks. Varieties are prepared from carmine and from the dried leaves of the safflower or carthamus. The latter furnish the delicate sort known as vegetable rouge. The leaves, thoroughly washed, are dried, and then pulverized and digested in a weak solution of carbonate of soda. Into this is placed some finely carded cotton, and the alkaline mixture is neutralized with lemon juice or vinegar. The red coloring matter collects on the cotton, and this being washed with water to remove the yellow mat- ter, the rouge is again dissolved, and some finely pulverized talc is introduced into the solution before it is again precipitated with the acid. Upon this the red color is received, and when separated from the liquid the two are thoroughly mixed by trituration, a little olive oil being rubbed in to add to the smooth- ness. Sometimes woollen threads are placed in the second solution to receive the rouge when it is precipitated, and these, called crepons, are used to rub the color upon the cheeks. For further accounts of this coloring material, see CARMINE, COCHINEAL, and SAF- FLOWER. II. In the arts, a pigment known as English red, also used as a polishing powder, made with peroxide of iron. As the perfec- tion of the specula of telescopes depends upon the fineness and efficiency of the rouge used for polishing them, the preparation of this ar- ticle has received much attention from scien- tific men, and various processes are employed to insure its greatest purity. Lord Rosse gives the following as his method. The peroxide of iron is precipitated by ammonia from a pure dilute solution of sulphate of iron, and the precipitate after being washed is compressed under a screw press until nearly dry, and then exposed to a heat which in the dark appears only of a dull low red. The color thus ob- tained should be a bright crimson inclining to yellow. If potash or soda is used instead of ammonia to precipitate the oxide of iron, a trace of the alkali always remains, injuring the polishing property of the rouge. ROUGE, Olivier Charles Camille Emmanuel dp, viscount, a French Egyptologist, born in Paris, April 11, 1811, died there in December, 1872, or January, 1873. He was professor of archae- ology in the college de France, and one of the editors of the Revue archeologique. He pub- lished ISExamen de Vouvrage de M. Bumen (1846); Sur les elements de Tecriture demo- tique (1848) ; Memoire sur V inscription du tombeau d'Ahmes (1849); Notice sommaire des monuments egyptiens exposes dans les galeries du mmee du Louvre (1849); Memoire sur la statuette naophore du Vatican (1851); Expli- cation d'une inscription egyptienne, prouvant que les anciens egyptiens ont connu la genera- tion eternelle du Fils de Dieu .(1851) ; Notes sur les noms egyptiens des planetes (1856); Le poeme de Pen-ta-Our (1856); Le roman des deux freres (1856); jfitude sur une stele egyp- tienne (1858) ; fitude sur le rituel funeraire (1860) ; Monuments du regne de Totmes III. (1861) ; an edition of the Egyptian "Book of the Dead " (1861-'3) ; Inscription Jiistorique du roi Pianchi-Meriamoun (1863); Recherches sur les monuments qu'on peut attribuer aux six premieres dynasties de Manethon (1866) ; Chrestomathie egyptienne (1867-'8) ; and Mo'ise et les Hebreux d'apres les monuments egyptiens (1869). ROUGET, Georges, a French painter, born in Paris in 1781, died in 1869. He assisted David in many of his celebrated works, and copied his " Coronation of Napoleon " so faithfully that his picture has been sold as the original. Among his best known works are " The Death of St. Louis," "Francis I. pardoning the Insurgents of La Rochelle," " Henry IV. at the Siege of Paris," "The Abjuration of Henry IV.," " The Marriage of Napoleon and Maria Louisa," and " The Death of Napoleon." ROUGE ET NOIR (Fr., red and black), Trente et nn (thirty-one), or Trente et Qnarante (thirty and forty), a game of chance played with cards upon a table marked with two large spots of red and black (whence the name), of a dia- mond shape, placed opposite to each other. The banker, or tailleur (dealer), who repre- sents him, having shuffled six packs of cards together, draws as many cards as will, counted by their points (the ace counting 1, the court cards 10 each, and the others according to their number of spots), amount to at least 31 ; so that if he should happen to count only 30, he must still draw another card. The whole number of cards drawn must be more than 30 and not more than 40. These he places in one row or parcel, and designates as noir ; and he