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SCHLAGINTWEIT SCHLATTER 673 visited Piedmont and Savoy, and devoted them- selves especially to observations and measure- ments in the vicinity of Monte Rosa. They were the first to ascend the highest peak of this mountain (Aug. 23, 1851), and to make an accurate measurement of its elevation ; and they remained for 14 days on its S. W. slope, at a height of 10,000 ft. In 1852 they explored the Bavarian Alps, where in 1853 also Adolf made geological observations. The results of their researches were published in Neue Unter- suchungen uber die phyaikalische Geographie und die Oeologie der Alpen (illustrated, Leip- sic, 1854). In the same year they produced two maps in relief of Monte Rosa and of the Zugspitze, the highest peak in Bavaria. At the suggestion of Bunsen and Humboldt, Her- mann and Adolf were invited by the East In- dia company to make an expedition for mag- netic and other scientific observations in India ; and they sailed from Southampton, Sept. 20, 1854, in company with their brother Robert, reaching Bombay Oct. 26. The most impor- tant result to magnetic science was the dis- covery that the isodynamic lines, which run due E. with little variation from the Arabian sea to the Indian archipelago, are violently deflected in central and southern India, and make a sharp southward curve. On March 25, 1855, Adolf and Robert started for the Hima- laya mountains. After examining the glacier of Milum, more than 10 m. long and 3,000 ft. broad, they entered Thibet, and investigated the glaciers of Ibi-Gamin, one of its highest mountains, ascending to an elevation of 22,260 ft. Returning, the three brothers explored the country in different directions, and met at Simla in the spring of 1856. They set out together for new researches in the Himalaya, but soon took different courses, Adolf reach- ing Lanskar in Thibet on June 26, while his brothers proceeded across the Karakorum and Kuenlun ranges. They met at Serinagur, sep- arated once more, and again came together on Nov. 17 at Rawal-Pindi. Robert then re- turned to Europe by way of Mooltan, Bhooj, and Bombay, and Hermann by way of Nepaul and Calcutta. Adolf decided to pursue his researches a year longer in Thibet and Tur- kistan, and proceeded to Kashgar, whence he intended to penetrate into Siberia, but was slain there, for some unknown reason, by the inhabitants. His journal, containing 135 pages of closely written notes, was recovered in Sep- tember, 1861, by Lord William Hay, civil com- missioner in Cashmere. The whole extent of the travels of the brothers Schlagintweit was about 18,000 miles. Hermann and Robert ar- rived safely in Berlin, and settled at Ja'gers- burg near Forchheim, where they have de- posited their valuable collections of about 2,000 minerals and fossils, a large herbarium, zoological and ethnographical specimens, em- bracing 275 casts of the faces and 37 of the hands and feet of the tribes which they visit- ed, and an atlas of 750 original views. Re- ports of their travels were published during their absence in the principal geographical journals of Europe. The surviving brothers are preparing a complete narrative in English entitled "Results of a Scientific Mission to India and High Asia, undertaken between the Years 1854 and 1858 ; with an Atlas of Panoramas, Views, and Maps." Five volumes of this work have been published: the first giving astronomical determinations of lati- tudes and longitudes, and magnetic observations (Leipsic, 1861) ; the second, the general hyp- sometry of India, the Himalaya, and western Thibet, edited by Robert (1862); the third, a route book, with geographical glossary, edited by Hermann (1863) ; and the fourth and fifth giving the meteorology and physical conditions of India (1866 and 1873). Hermann, who re- ceived in 1864 from the emperor Alexander II. the surname of Sakunliinski (Transkuen- lunian), is now (1875) writing an elaborate work based on the results of his travels and those of his brothers, under the title of Reuen in Indien und ffochasien, of which 4 vols. have appeared (Jena, 1869-'74). Robert pub- lished in 1869 a collection of poems from va- rious German poets, entitled Poetische Bilder au alien Theilen der Erde ; and after extended travels on the American continent, he wrote Die Pacific- Ei&eribahn in Nordamerilca(&7Q and Californien, Land und Leute (1871). EDUAED, another brother (born March 8, 1831, died in the battle of Kissingen, fighting in the Bavarian army, July 10, 1866), publish- ed a work based on his observations in the Spanish-Moroccan campaign of 1859-'60, en- titled Der spanish-marokkanische Krieg (Leip- sic, 1863). EMIL, a fifth brother (born July 7, 1835), has devoted himself to oriental studies, and written "Buddhism in Tibet" (in English, Leipsic, 1863), Die GottesurtJieile der Indier (Munich, 1866), and Die Konige von Tibet, von der Entstehung Tconiglicher MacJit in Ydrlung bis sum Erloschen in Laddie (or about 50 B. C. to 1834 A. D.), published by the royal Bava- rian academy in 1866. SCHLATTER, Michael, a Swiss missionary, born in St. Gall, July 14, 1716, died near Philadel- phia in October, 1790. He was educated at St. Gall, became a clergyman, and in 1746 of- fered himself to the synods of North and South Holland as a missionary to the German Re- formed emigrants in Pennsylvania. From 1746 to 1751 he was pastor of the Reformed church- es of Philadelphia and Germantown, and or- ganized churches among the scattered Ger- mans in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia. He effected the organization of the synod of the German Reformed church in America in September, 1747. In 1751 he re- visited Europe, and secured the services of six other ministers for the American churches. In 1757 he accompanied an expedition to Nova Scotia against the French as chaplain. When the revolution broke out he espoused the cause of the colonists, and was imprisoned in 1777.