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702 SCOTLAND gallons of spirits were distilled, and 2,435,247 bushels of malt were consumed by brewers. Edinburgh is the chief seat of the beer man- ufacture, and Campbeltown in Argyleshire, Gleulivat, and Lochnagar of the distillery busi- ness. Other important manufactures are pa- per, leather, soap, earthenware, glass, hard- ware, hats, and combs. Ship building is car- ried on extensively, and large numbers of steamboats, steam engines, and other machi- nery are made, especially on the Clyde. The principal ship yards are at Aberdeen, Banff, Dundee, Glasgow, Greenock, and Port Glas- gow. In 1872 there were built, exclusive of foreign orders, 216 vessels of 145,181 aggre- gate tonnage, of which 159 were of iron, 58 of wood, and 4 composite ; GO were sailing vessels of 19,414 aggregate tonnage, and 156 steamers of 125,767 tons. Besides these there were built for foreigners 39 vessels of 33,810 tons, all but two of which were steamers. The shipping of Scotland on Dec. 81, 1872, com- prised 2,5(>8 sailing vessels of 689,768 tons burden, and 657 steam vessels of 267,837 tons. The number of sailing vessels entered coast- wise in 1872 was 12,881, tonnage 987,304; steam vessels 8,658, tonnage 2,022,801. The number of sailing vessels entered from the colonies in 1872 was 546 (49 foreign), tonnage 369,187; cleared, 623, tonnage 380,118. In the same year 48 steamers, of 45,139 tons, en- tered from the colonies; cleared 116, of 101,- 976 tons. The number of sailing vessels en- tered from foreign ports in 1872 was 6,402 (1,685 British), of 1,071,762 tons; cleared for foreign ports, 6,721 (1,866 British), of 678,687 tons. The number of steamers entered from foreign ports the same year was 1,368 (188 foreign), tonnage-684,383 ; cleared for foreign ports, 1,509 (206 foreign), tonnage 744,139. Scotland is well supplied with roads, canals, and railways. Her turnpike roads, of which more than 7,000 m. are open, are among the best in the world. The greatest of her canals is the Caledonian, which affords a passage for ships from the North sea to the Atlantic ocean. (See CANAL.) Another canal con- nects the opposite coasts of the island, and extends from Glasgow to Edinburgh in two divisions : the Forth and Clyde canal, finished in 1790, 38 m. long ; and the Union canal, fin- ished in 1822, 31 m. long. Paisley canal, from Glasgow through Paisley to Johnstone, is 11 m. long ; Monkland canal, between Glasgow and Airdrie, 12 m. ; Glenkens canal, from the mouth of the Dee through Loch Kn to Dairy, 26 in. The first railway in Scotland was opened in 1810 between Kilmarnock and Troon, 10 m. On Dec. 31, 1873, 2,612 m. of railway were in operation. The aggregate authorized capital of all the companies was 76,461,819. During 1878 the passage re- ceipts amounted to 1,963,979; freight re- ceipts, 4,343,809; total, 6,307,788. The total working expenditure for the same year was 2,943,518. Most of the smaller railway lines are leased or worked by the great trunk lines, of which there are five : the Caledonian, which monopolizes half the trade of Scotland, particularly on the E. side, and controls 11 branch roads; the Glasgow and Southwest- ern, between Carlisle and Glasgow, with sev- eral branches; the Great North of Scotland, from Aberdeen to Torres, where it connects with the Highland, and which works four other roads ; the Highland, from Perth to In- verness and Golspie, which is extending its line further north, and which works three other roads ; and the North British, from Car- lisle to Edinburgh via Hawick, which works six other lines and has many branches. The principal ports are connected by lines of steam- ers with each other and with many ports of the world. In general government Scotland forms an integral part of the United Kingdom, and stands on the same footing with England except in regard to law and law courts and the form of church government, upon which points express stipulations exist in the articles of union between the two kingdoms. To the imperial parliament the Scottish nobles elect of their own number 16 peers to represent them in the house of lords. In 1874 Scotland was represented in the house of commons by 60 members, of whom 82 were elected by the counties, 26 by the parliamentary burghs, and 2 by the four universities. The number of electors on the register in the same year was 280,308, of whom 82,807 were county voters, and 187,991 borough electors. At the head of the judiciary in Scotland is the court of session, which is supreme in civil matters, and consists of 13 judges. The court holds two terms annually, during which it sits five days in the week. The court of justiciary, which is supreme in criminal causes, consists of five of the judges of the court of session. The high court of justiciary sits in Edinburgh, but circuit courts are held to the number of four in Glasgow and two in the other circuit dis- tricts annually. This court has jurisdiction in all important criminal charges, and the deci- sions of its high court are without appeal. Its presiding officer is the president of the court of session, who when sitting in this court is termed the lord justice general. Causes are tried by the verdict of a jury of 15 persons, who are not required to be unanimous, and who, when the case is not clear, can bring in a verdict of " not proven," which leaves the accused liable to be tried again for the same offence should additional evidence be found. The judges of this court when upon circuit possess a civil jurisdiction by way of appeal. The chief local courts are those of the sher- iffs, of which there is one in each county, the business of the court being conducted before an officer called -the sheriff substitute, acting for a sheriff principal, who has within certain limits a power to revise his proceedings, while there are certain acts both judicial and execu- tive which must be performed by the sheriff