Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIV.djvu/850

824 SHAMROCK SHANGHAI ing railroads, 95 m. N. W. of Philadelphia; pop. in 1870, 4,320; in 1875, estimated by lo- cal authorities at 7,500. It contains many brick buildings, is lighted with gas, and is supplied with water by the Shamokin water company from a distance of about 4 m. It is situated in the middle coal field, and its prin- cipal business is the mining of anthracite coal. The product of the Shamokin region in 1874 was about 1,250,000 tons. The borough con- tains three founderies and machine shops, three banks, four public school houses with 21 de- partments and about 1,400 pupils, two pri- vate schools with about 150 pupils, two week- ly newspapers, and ten churches. SHAMROCK. See OXALIS. Nil tMl L (SAMCEL), a chieftain of the Cauca- sus, born at Aul Himry, in northern Daghes- tan, about 1797, died in Medina, Arabia, in March, 1871. In his youth he embraced the doctrines of Kasi-Mollah, an energetic mysti- cism founded on Su- fism. Several tribes of Daghestan united in 1823, under the lead- ership of Kasi-Mollah, in a religious war against the northern infidels. In 1834, on the death of Hamsad Bey, the successor of Kasi-Mollah, Shamyl was chosen head of the sect. Having organ- ized a sort of theocra- cy among the eastern Caucasian mountain- eers, he began a war- fare against Russia. In 1837 he defeated Gen. Ivelitch. At the storm- ing of Akulgo by Gen. Grabbe in 1839 Sha- myl was supposed to have perished, but he soon after suddenly re- appeared. In 1844, after having foiled anoth- er Russian campaign, he completed the organ- ization of his government, uniting numerous tribes hitherto hostile, made Dargo his capi- tal, and established a code of laws and a sys- tem of taxation and internal communication. In 1845, Czar Nicholas having renewed the war, Shamyl was able to bring a large army into the field. After 1852, however, he lost to some extent the confidence of the moun- taineers, and his attempts to bring the neigh- boring tribes into his confederation failed. The growth of religious indifference and polit- ical dissensions had begun to undermine his power, and he was able to take but little part in the Crimean war. After the peace of Paris, Russia attempted again the subjection of the Caucasus. Shamyl held out bravely for three years, but, weakened by the successive defec- tion of many tribes, and discouraged by the death of his eldest son, he was at last over- powered and taken prisoner at the siege of the mountain fort of Ghunib, Sept. 6, 1859. He was treated with respect by Alexander II., and after a short stay in St. Petersburg was assigned a residence at Kaluga, receiving a pension of 10,000 rubles. From here he re- moved in December, 1868, to Kiev, and in Jan- uary, 1870, went to Mecca. (See CAUCASUS.) SHANGHAI, or Shanghae ("approaching the sea "), a city and seaport of China, in the prov- ince of Kiangsu, on the left bank of the Wu- sung river, about 12m. above its junction with the Yangtse-kiang, in lat. 31 10' N., Ion. 121 30' E. ; pop. variously estimated from 250,000 to 320,000. It stands in a fertile plain inter- sected by numerous streamlets, and consists of old Shanghai, which is enclosed by a wall and moat about 3 m. in circumference, and several suburbs. The walled town, which is entered by six gates, has narrow, filthy streets, and Custom House, Shanghai. most of the buildings are small and mean ; but some of the guild halls and tea shops are fine specimens of Chinese architecture. Of its many temples, the largest is the Ching-hwang- mian (city and moat temple), on a rocky island in a serpentine sheet of water. The Roman Catholics have a large cathedral and the Bap- tists a church within the walls, and the Amer- ican and London missionary societies have large schools. The foreign suburb, which is divided into three parts, .the French, British, and American concessions, is laid out like a European city, with broad, paved, well lighted streets, and handsome houses and gardens. The Anglican church, club house, and ma- sonic temple are among the principal build- ings. Back of the quay, which has a bulwark of stone and stone jetties, stand the hongs of the foreign merchants. In the British conces- sion is a race course, and lower down are ship