Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIV.djvu/858

832 SHASTA SIIAWNEES pop. in 1870, 4,173, of whom 574 were Chi- nese. The surface is greatly diversified. Las- sen'* peak is 10,557 ft. high. The climate of the valleys is warm in summer, but mild and equable during the rest of the year, and many of them have a fertile soil. The N. and W. portions are covered with forests of conifers, while the E. part abounds in hot and boiling springs. The county contains gold, silver, and copper. It is traversed by the Oregon division of the Central Pacific railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 29,569 bushels of wheat, 54,636 of barley, 9,748 of potatoes, 19,287 gallons of wine, 15,820 Ibs. of wool, 80,150 of butter, and 5,034 tons of hay. There were 1,473 horses, 1,207 milch cows, 2,545 other cattle, 3,520 sheep, and 11,155 swine ; 2 fiour mills, 7 saw mills, and 3 quartz mills. Capital, Shasta. SHASTA, Mtmiil. See GLACIER, ROCKY MOUN- TAINS, and SISKIYOC. SH ASTRA, or Shtster. See VEDA. SHAT-EL-ARAB. See EUPHRATES. SHAW, Ltmnel, an American jurist, born in Barnstable, Mass., Jan. 9, 1781, died in Boston, March 30, 1861. He graduated at Harvard college in 1800, and became an usher in the Franklin (now Brimmer) school in Boston, and assistant editor of the " Boston Gazette." He was admitted to the bar in September, 1804, and was a representative to the state legislature from 1811 to 1815, and again in 1819. In 1820 he was a member of the convention for re- vising the constitution of the state. In 1821 and 1822 he was a member of the senate, and again in 1828 and 1829. The charter of the city of Boston was drafted by him. He was appointed chief justice Au^. 23, 1830, and re- signed Aug. 31, 1860. His reported decisions are found in the last 16 volumes of Picker- ing's reports, and in those of Metcalf, Cush- ing, and Gray ; in all, upward of 50 volumes. He received the honorary degree of LL. D. from Harvard university in 1831, and from Brown university in 1850. He was a member of the corporation of Harvard college for 27 years. SHAWANO, a N". E. county of Wisconsin, in- tersected by the Oconto, Wolf, Embarras, and Red rivers ; area, about 1,500 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 3,166. The surface is generally level and the soil fertile. Lake Shawano is in the central part, and fine streams of water abound. The chief productions in 1870 were 27,272 bushels of wheat, 3,144 of rye, 7,996 of Indian corn, 27,631 of oats, 20,273 of potatoes, and 1,964 Ibs. of wool. Capital, Shawano. SHAWL, a garment worn upon the shoulders or about the waist, and formed of wool, silk, hair, or cotton. The following are the prin- cipal varieties of shawls: those of Cashmere, woven in India or imitated in Europe, with the designs either embroidered upon the fab- ric, or by the more costly method worked into the web in the process of weaving, thus ma- king both sides alike; crape shawls, made of silk in imitation of the Chinese fabrics ; gren- adines, made of silk of a peculiar twist ; che- nilles, of silk, often combined with cotton ; chine, made with a warp printed before weav- ing; barege, of wool, in imitation of shawls made by the peasantry at Bareges in the Pyre- nees ; woollen shawls of various kinds ; and tartan plaids, made for centuries in Scotland. A description of the colors of tartans worn by the different clans in 1570 is extant. Their use was prohibited by act of parliament from 1747 to 1782 ; and they became fashionable from about 1828, and have so continued to some extent. The printing of shawl figures is done with blocks as in calico printing, and with the same elaborateness, as many as 100 blocks and 1,600 printings or applications be- ing sometimes necessary for the production of a single pattern. The manufacture of Cash- mere shawls was introduced from India in 1784 at Norwich, England, with the imported Thibet wool, and afterward with Piedmont silk warp and fine worsted shoot, the designs being worked in by hand. In 1805 the shawls were there first completed entirely upon the loom. About the same time the manufacture was in- troduced in Paisley and Edinburgh, and is still continued at the former place of the Indian pattern with real Cashmere wool. In Paris the manufacture was begun in 1802, and led Jacquard to the invention of his loom. In England the principal shawl-printing establish- ment is at Crayford in Kent. In the United States, the business was begun at Lowell, Mass., but has since been established at several oth- er places, and has been very greatly extended. (For statistics on the India shawl trade and other information, see CASHMERE.) SII.4 V.KK, a N. E. county of Kansas, inter- sected by the Kansas river ; area, 546 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 18,121. It is traversed by the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe, and the Kan- sas Pacific railroads. The surface is undula- ting or level, and the soil fertile. Coal and limestone abound. The chief productions in 1870 were 46,726 bushels of wheat, 602,475 of Indian corn, 60,853 of oats, 84,656 of pota- toes, 238,005 Ibs. of butter, and 19,122 tons of hay. There were 8,461 horses, 3,562 milch cows, 6,556 other cattle, 1,832 sheep, and 4,904 swine; 1 bookbindery, 2 flour mills, 2 saw mills, 3 manufactories of carriages and wagons, 4 of furniture, 1 of machinery, and 7 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware. Capital, Topeka, which is also the capital of the state. SIIAWNEES, an erratic tribe of the Algonquin family. A tradition of recent origin makes them primarily one with the Kickapoo nation ; but they moved eastward, and a part are said to have remained in 1648 along the Fox river, while the main body, met south of Lake Erie by the Iroquois, were driven to the banks of the Cumberland. Some passed thence into Carolina, and others into Florida. Toward the close of the 17th century one band went north, and was among the tribes occupying Pennsylvania when it was granted to Penn,