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SOUTH AUSTRALIA SOUTH CAROLINA 191 For the indigenous fauna see AUSTRALIA. The government of South Australia consists of a governor appointed by the crown, an execu- tive council, and two houses of legislature, one called the legislative council and the other the house of assembly. The legislative council is composed of 18 members, elected by general vote for twelve years, one third retiring every four years. The president is elected by the members. The governor has no power to dis- solve the council. The house of assembly has now 46 members, who are elected for three years. This body is liable to dissolution by the executive. The revenue of the colony in 1873 was 972,813, and the expenditure 839,- 152. The colonial debt on Dec. 31, 1873, was 2,174,900. In 1871 there were 3,372 abo- rigines, who are of the same general type as those of other parts of Australia, but four different dialects are spoken by them within the limits of the colony, three of which are not intelligible to the natives of the country about the mouth of the Murray river. The tribes within the settled districts are inof- fensive, and some of the boys are employed as herdsmen. The leading religious denomina- tions in 1871 were : Church of England, 50,849 ; Roman Catholics, 28,668; Wesleyans, 17,075; Lutherans, 15,412 ; Presbyterians, 13,371; Bap- tists, 8,731 ; Primitive Methodists, 8,207 ; Con- gregationalists, 7,969; Bible Christians, 7,758; and several others were represented. The ag- gregate number of churches and chapels in the colony in 1872 was 607, with seats for 119,087 persons. The educational system is under the control of a central board consisting of seven members. The total number of licensed schools at the close of 1872 was 307 ; the number of scholars on the rolls was 15,123. A university is about to be established at Adelaide. The exports of South Australia consist of grain, flour, wool, tallow, bark, fruit, wine, spirits, hides, beef, copper ore, copper, lead, and gold; their value in 1873 was 4,285,191. The im- ports consist principally of manufactured goods and articles of luxury ; they amounted in the same year to 3,829,831. The entrances in 1873 were 457 vessels of 190,036 tons, and the clearances 363 vessels of 160,414 tons. In 1873 about 200 m. of railway had been com- pleted, the principal line being the north line from Adelaide to Burra, about 100 m., with a branch line of 48 m. to Kapunda. A line con- necting Narracoorte with Kingston is now con- structing, and several others (one from Kadina to Port Wakefield, 32 m.) are authorized. There is telegraphic communication with the princi- pal places in Victoria, New South "Wales, and Queensland, and by the great overland line with Port Darwin on the N. coast, which is connected with Java by a submarine cable. The aggregate length of the lines in 1873 was 1,718 m. In 1835 a company, styled the " South Australian Colonization Association," obtained a grant from the British government of the great tract of land which forms the col- 753 VOL. xv. 13 ony of South Australia, and their first settle- ment was formed in December, 1836. Their operations gave rise to speculation in the lands of the colony, both there and in England, town allotments which had been originally sold at 2 10. an acre soon rising to 2,000 or 3,000, and country sections from 1 to 100 an acre. Building speculations equally extravagant were carried on, and laborers' wages rose to 15s. and 1 a day. In 1839 a reaction took place which brought about the ruin of the land owners and most of the small moneyed settlers. Emigra- tion turned to the other colonies, and South Australia became greatly depressed ; but soon afterward the discovery of copper caused a reaction, and the colony prospered till 1851, when the discovery of gold in Victoria drew off thousands of its population and again re- tarded its growth. Since 1855 it has gradually recovered, and it is now once more prosperous. SOUTH BEND, a city and the county seat of St. Joseph co., Indiana, on the S. bank of the St. Joseph river, at its most southern bend, 130 m. N. of Indianapolis and 85 m. E. by S. of Chicago ; pop. in 1850, 1,652 ; in 1860, 3,832; in 1870, 7,206; in 1875, estimated by local authorities at 11,000. It is regularly laid out and substantially built, and is noted for its salubrity. It is well drained, and lighted with gas, and has water works and a good fire de- partment. The court house is one of the finest buildings in the state. The river is navigable to this point, and affords good water power. The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Michigan Central, and the Chicago and Lake Huron railroads meet here. An active trade is carried on in produce, lumber, and manu- factured articles. Manufacturing is the chief interest; there were 2,183 hands employed in 1874, producing articles to the value of $4,318,722. The principal items were: flour, $385,000; carriages, wagons, &c., $1,266,000; farm machinery, $145,500; furniture, $256,- 000 ; doors, sash, and blinds, $163,000 ; foun- dery products, $440,620 ; sewing machines, $1,100,000; woollens, $80,000; paper, $330,- 402 ; brick, $75,000. The city has two nation- al banks, a savings bank, and a life insurance company. There are six public school houses, with a high school; attendance in 1874, about 1,400. Other educational institutions are the university of Notre Dame and St. Mary's acad- emy in the outskirts, and St. Joseph s acad- emy within the city limits ; these are Roman Catholic institutions, the last two for females. Three daily and four weekly (one German) newspapers and a monthly periodical are pub- lished. There are 11 churches. South Bend was laid out in 1831. SOUTH CAROLINA, one of the original states of the American Union, lying between lat. 32 and 35 10' N., and Ion. 78 25' and 83 19' W. It has the form of an irregular triangle, with the coast line for its base, and Georgia and North Carolina for its converging sides. Its extreme length, from Little River inlet on the