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gh 1T< tw, received the degree of M. A. at the uni- rsity of Edinburgh in 1690, studied two years for the ministry at Leyden, and finally became a conspicuous free thinker at Oxford. He went to Dublin in 1697, where the Irish parliament ordered the common hangman to burn his ' Christianity not Mysterious " (London, 1696), d returning to London published "An Apol- for Mr. Toland" (1697). He visited the irts of Hanover and Berlin, apparently as a political agent, and held a theological dis- cussion with Beausobre. On returning to Eng- land, he professed himself in 1702 "a true ristian " and "a good churchman," but in 705 declared himself a pantheist. He wrote political pamphlets for the earl of Oxford (Har- ley), by whom he was sent again in 1707 to Germany and Holland, as a political spy. Re- ing after three years, he was supported Dy Harley till a quarrel separated them. His other publications include "The Militia Re- formed, or an Easy Scheme of Furnishing Eng- land with a constant Land Force" (1698); a "Life of Milton" (1698);- editions of Lord [olles's "Memoirs" and of Harrington's Works;" "Anglia Libera" (1701), a treatise the succession of the crown of England ; and Nazarenus, or Jewish Gentile, or Mahometan Christianity, containing the History of the Ancient Gospel of Barnabas, and the Modern Gospel of the Mahometans, attributed to the same Apostle, this last Gospel being now first made known among Christians," &c., which involved him in controversies. His posthu- mous works were published with a biography by Des Maizeaux (2 vols., 1726 ; new ed., 1747). TOLEDO. I. A central province of Spain, in New Castile, bordering on Avila, Madrid, Cu- enca, Ciudad Real, and Caceres ; area, 5,586 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 342,- 272. The surface is generally mountainous, and there are elevated plains near the centre. The Tagus flows W. through the middle of the province. TheJigtie- la and its affluents flow toward the Guadiana. Gold, silver, lead, iron, copper, quicksilver, tin, cinnabar, alum, bismuth, coal, graphite, and ochre are found. The soil is generally poor, but in the centre and toward the south the quality improves. Grain, flax, fruit, vegetables, wine, oil, and silk are produ- ced. But very few sheep, cattle, or horses are reared. TOLEDO 789 the river in horseshoe shape flows in a deep and narrow channel, crossed by two stone bridges 100 ft. in height, one of which, built by the Moors, consists of a single arch. The town is encircled by two walls, originally Roman, but repaired and extended by Goths, Moors, and Spaniards, and entered by nine gates. The streets are steep, crooked, and narrow. The houses are generally in the Moorish style, from two to four stories high, with the apartments arranged round a court. The cathedral, in pure Gothic and with a lofty spire, founded in 1258 and completed in 1492, is one of the finest in Spain. The palace of the archbishop (who is the primate of Spain) formerly contained a rich collection of books and manuscripts, now added to the provincial library, which has 70,000 volumes. The foundling hospital of Santa Cruz, a fine piece of architecture, was founded by Cardinal Mendoza in 1494. The dilapidated walls of the ancient Alcazar are still standing. The university was suppressed in 1845 ; a seminary for theological students has been founded to supply its place ; and there is a military school, a female college, school of fine arts, and other public schools. The principal manufactures are woollen and silk goods, oil, leather, and the celebrated Toledo blades, made in the royal sword manu- factory two miles from the town. There is also a royal foundery outside the walls. Ac- cording to an ancient but improbable tradi- tion, Toledo was founded by Jewish colonists in the 6th century B. C. It was taken by the Romans in 192 B. C., and by the Goths in A. D. 467, who made it the capital of their kingdom a century later. It" was captured by the Moors in 714, and wrested from them The Alcazar of Toledo. II. A city (anc. Toletum), capital of the province, on the Ta- gus, 42 m. S. S. W. of Madrid; pop. about 18,- 000. It stands on a rocky height, around which by Alfonso VI. of Castile and Leon after a terrible siege in 1085, when it became the capital of Castile, and at one time had a popu- lation of 200,000. It afterward suffered many