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u UDINE 101 U UTHE 21st letter and 5th vowel of the English alphabet. It is not found in the Semitic languages, which have no dis- tinct letters for vowels proper, and was prob- ably originally wanting in the Greek, in which its modern equivalent is ov ; in the Hebrew its place is supplied by the letter vav and in the Armenian by hiun, both of which are pro- nounced sometimes as vowels and sometimes as consonants. In the Latin also it frequently had the force of a consonant, as in the words uaco, uelox, silua, now written vaco, velox, silva. It was in fact constantly confounded with V, and for some time a distinction was made be- tween U vowel and U consonant, the latter name being applied to the character V ; and till near the close of the 16th century they were used interchangeably in printing, V sometimes only as the capital and sometimes as the initial letter in all cases, and u as the small letter in all cases or only in the interior of words. In the Gothic alphabets the distinction was made much earlier than in the Latin. In the so- called long sound peculiar to the English u, as in dupe, there is an intimate junction of the sounds of e and oo, exactly represented by ew in few ; it is expressed in Italian and Spanish by iu, as in fiume and ciudad, and in French by iou, as in Sioux. In u initial, as in unite, the e is replaced by its liquid equivalent y, the pronunciation becoming yoonite. In an unac- cented syllable, the union of a preceding d, s, z, or t with the y element of u produces the sound of j, sh, zh, or ch, as in verdure, tonsure, measure, azure, virtue. This effect also ap- pears under accentuation in sure and its de- rivatives and sugar, and vulgarly in sumach. The short sound of u in sup is peculiar to the English and Dutch, being nearly equivalent to short o in most other languages, and to eu in French and o in German. The normal sound of u in Italian, German, and most other Euro- pean languages is oo, long and short. The lat- ter is heard in the English bull, full, pulpit, &c. The former (as in loot) is commonly said to be the sound of u after r, as in rule ; but the great majority of educated speakers, at least in the United States, seem to make this nearly identical with the u in dupe. In French the letter has a sound of its own (that of e modified in the direction of oo), which cannot be represented in our tongue, and resembling the German u. In some cases in English, and in many more in other languages, u when fol- lowed by another vowel has the sound of Eng- lish w, as after q. In English and French it is silent between g and a vowel, while in Spanish it is pronounced before a ; in the latter again (as usually also in French) it is silent after q, for which c is substituted when the u is to be pronounced, as in ciiestion. In Italian and German u is never silent. U is interchange- able with a, as in the Arabic definite article, which is rendered ul and al, or in Ger. Hut, Eng. hat ; with i, as Lat. maxumus and maxi- mus ; with o, as Lat. dulcis, It. dolce ; with the diphthongs CB and oi, as Lat. cura, old form coira or ccera; with au, as Lat. mus, Ger. Maus ; with e, as Lat. Siculus, Gr. ZiKeMz, Lat. tabula, Ger. Tafel, Ger. Ulme, Eng. elm; with I, as Eng. stout, Ger. stole, Fr. autel, Eng. altar. U never occurs in ancient Latin inscriptions, V being used instead. I'ltlCI.M, Jean Henri Abdolonyme, a French author, born in Issoudun, Oct. 20, 1818. He early explored the East, and in 1848 partici- pated in the revolution at Bucharest, and be- came secretary of the provisional government. Subsequently he settled in Paris. His works include Lettres sur la Turquie (2 vols., 1849- '51; English, London, 1856); La Turquie ac- tuelle (1855) ; and La question des principautes danubiennes de-cant VEurope (1858). He has also translated the Saturnalia of Macrobius (1845) and edited the works of Voiture (1856), and for several years the Revue de V Orient. HAY ALL See AMAZON, and PERU. I ('CELLO (PAOLO DI DONO), an Italian paint- er, born in Florence about 1390, died about 1472. He was called Uccello from his predilec- tion for birds. He was the first painter to de- velop the principles of perspective. He paint- ed principally in fresco. Few of his works remain. I HIKES, a small tribe of American Indians, first found on both sides of the Savannah river as far down as the Ogeechee. They were civil, orderly, and industrious, and their women were noted for chastity. In the troubles about the time of the Yemassee war they moved to the Chattahoochee, and finally were merged in the Creek confederacy, emigrating with them to the Indian territory. Though long identi- fied with the Creeks, they retain their own language and customs. The former is peculiar- ly harsh and guttural. I'DALL, Nicholas, an English author, born in Hampshire in 1506, died in 1564. He was educated at Oxford, was master successively of Eton and Westminster schools, and in the early part of the reign of Edward VI. was appointed to a canonry at Windsor. He pub- lished "Flovres for Latyne Spekynge" (Lon- don, 1533), a series of selections from Terence ; some translations from the Latin works of Eras- mus; and a Latin tragedy, De Papatu (1540). He was probably the first writer of regular English comedies, divided into acts and scenes. Wood says he wrote several, but only one is extant, " Ealph Eoister Doister " (reprinted by the Shakespeare society, London, 1847). UDINE. I. A N. E. province of Italy, in Venetia, embracing the larger portion of the former duchy of Friuli, and bordering on Aus-