| CITIES. | POPULATION. | |
| 1870. | 1875. | |
| New York, N. Y. | 942,292 | 1,046,037 |
| Philadelphia, Pa. | 674,022 | . . . . . . . . |
| Brooklyn, N. Y. | 896,099 | 484,616 |
| St. Louis, Mo. | 310,864 | . . . . . . . . |
| Chicago, Ill. | 298,977 | . . . . . . . . |
| Baltimore, Md. | 267,354 | . . . . . . . . |
| Boston, Mass. | 250,526 | 341,919 |
| Cincinnati, Ohio | 216,239 | . . . . . . . . |
| New Orleans, La. | 191,418 | 203,439 |
| San Francisco, Cal. | 149,473 | . . . . . . . . |
| Buffalo, N. Y. | 117,714 | 134,573 |
| Washington, D. C. | 109,199 | . . . . . . . . |
| Newark, N. J. | 105,059 | 123,310 |
| Louisville, Ky. | 100,753 | . . . . . . . . |
| Cleveland, Ohio | 92,829 | . . . . . . . . |
| Pittsburgh, Pa. | 86,076 | . . . . . . . . |
| Jersey City, N. J. | 82,546 | 109,227 |
| Detroit, Mich. | 79,577 | [1]101,255 |
| Milwaukee, Wis. | 71,440 | 100,775 |
| Albany, N. Y. | 69,422 | 86,013 |
| Providence, R. I. | 68,904 | 100,675 |
| Rochester, N. Y. | 62,386 | 81,673 |
| Allegheny, Pa. | 53,180 | . . . . . . . . |
| Richmond, Va. | 51,038 | . . . . . . . . |
| New Haven, Conn. | 50,840 | . . . . . . . . |
| Charleston, S. C. | 48,956 | 56,540 |
| Indianapolis, Ind. | 48,244 | . . . . . . . . |
| Troy, N. Y. | 46,465 | 48,821 |
| Syracuse, N. Y. | 43,051 | 48,315 |
| Worcester, Mass. | 41,105 | 49,265 |
| Lowell, Mass. | 40,928 | 49,677 |
| Memphis, Tenn. | 40,226 | . . . . . . . . |
| Cambridge, Mass. | 39,634 | 47,838 |
| Hartford, Conn. | 37,180 | . . . . . . . . |
| Scranton, Pa. | 35,092 | . . . . . . . . |
| Reading, Pa. | 33,930 | . . . . . . . . |
| Paterson, N. J. | 33,579 | 38,814 |
| Kansas City, Mo. | 32,260 | . . . . . . . . |
| Mobile, Ala. | 32,034 | . . . . . . . . |
| Toledo, Ohio | 31,584 | . . . . . . . . |
| Portland, Me. | 31,413 | . . . . . . . . |
| Columbus, Ohio | 31,274 | . . . . . . . . |
| Wilmington, Del. | 30,841 | . . . . . . . . |
| Dayton, Ohio | 30,473 | . . . . . . . . |
| Lawrence, Mass. | 28,921 | 34,907 |
| Utica, N. Y. | 28,804 | 32,070 |
| [2]Charlestown, Mass. | 28,323 | . . . . . . . . |
| Savannah, Ga. | 28,235 | . . . . . . . . |
| Lynn, Mass. | 28,233 | 32,600 |
| Fall River, Mass. | 26,766 | 45,840 |
| Springfield, Mass. | 26,703 | 31,053 |
| Nashville, Tenn. | 25,865 | . . . . . . . . |
| Salem, Mass. | 24,117 | 25,955 |
| Trenton, N. J. | 22,874 | 25,031 |
| New Bedford, Mass. | 21,320 | 25,876 |
| Elizabeth, N. J. | 20,832 | 25,928 |
| Hoboken, N. J. | 20,297 | 24,766 |
| Camden, N. J. | 20,045 | 33,852 |
| St. Paul, Minn. | 20,030 | 33,178 |
| Grand Rapids, Mich. | 16,507 | [1]25,928 |
| Minneapolis, Minn. | 13,066 | 32,721 |
—With the exception of a small portion of the N. E. coast, the shores on the Atlantic and gulf are low, while those on the Pacific are mostly bold and rocky. The most important indentations on the Atlantic are Passamaquoddy, Frenchman's, Penobscot, Casco, Massachusetts, Cape Cod, Buzzard's, Narragansett, New York, Raritan, Delaware, and Chesapeake bays, and Long Island, Albemarle, and Pamlico sounds; on the gulf, Tampa, Appalachee, Pensacola, Mobile, Galveston, Matagorda, Espiritu Santo, Aransas, and Corpus Christi bays, with those about the delta of the Mississippi; and on the Pacific, San Diego harbor, Monterey bay, San Francisco bay, and the strait of Fuca. The length of coast line, not including indentations of the land, according to the United States coast survey, is 5,715 m., viz.: 2,349 m. on the Atlantic, 1,556 on the gulf of Mexico, and 1,810 on the Pacific. The shore line of the great lakes, according to estimates made in the coast survey office, measures 3,450 m., viz.: Superior, 955; Michigan, 1,320; Huron, 510; St. Clair, 65; Erie, 370 ; Ontario, 230.—The rivers of the United States may be comprised in four distinct classes: 1. The Mississippi and its affluents, which drain the region between the Alleghanies and the Rocky mountains. The chief of these affluents are: on the east, the Wisconsin, Rock, Illinois, Ohio, Yazoo, and Big Black; on the west, the Minnesota, Des Moines, Missouri, St. Francis, Arkansas, and Red river. Several of these are from 1,000 to 2,000 m. in length, while many of the secondary affluents have courses extending from 300 to 1,000 m. 2. The rivers which rise in the Alleghany chain and flow into the Atlantic. Of these, the most important, beginning at the northeast, are the Penobscot, Kennebec, Merrimack, Connecticut, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, Potomac, James, Roanoke, Neuse, Cape Fear, Great Pedee, Santee, Savannah, and Altamaha, most of which exceed 300 m. in length, and are navigable to a considerable distance from the sea. 3. The rivers of the southern slope, flowing into the gulf of Mexico, the principal of which, E. of the Mississippi, are the Appalachicola, Mobile, and Pearl, and W. of the Mississippi, the Sabine, Neches, Trinity, Brazos, Colorado, Nueces, and Rio Grande (which forms the boundary between Texas and Mexico). 4. The rivers which flow into the Pacific, of which the most important are the Columbia, which has several large affluents; the Sacramento and the San Joaquin, which flow into the bay of San Francisco, and drain the fertile valley between the Sierra Nevada and Coast mountains; and the great Colorado of the West, which has its terminus in the gulf of California, and drains the region between the Wahsatch and Rocky mountains. Besides these may be mentioned the shallow streams of the Great Basin, which have no outlet to the ocean; the Red river of the North, which empties into Lake Winnipeg in British America; the St. Lawrence, which forms part of the boundary between New York and Canada, and discharges the waters of the great lakes and their affluents; the St. John and St. Croix, which form part of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick; and the St. John's, in Florida. Few countries in the world contain so many lakes as the United States, though these are principally confined to the northern portion. Of the five great lakes, as they are called, the largest bodies of fresh water on the globe, with perhaps the exception of the newly discovered and imperfectly known lakes in the interior of Africa, four, viz., Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, lie on the northern border, partly in the United States and partly in British America, while
