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of 152,492 tons measurement, carrying 1,195 guns. Of these, 26 were sailing vessels, 26 ironclads, and 95 ordinary steam vessels, including 25 tugs. The chief officers on the active list are the admiral (in 1876, David D. Porter), annual salary $13,000; vice admiral (Stephen C. Rowan), salary $9,000 when at sea and $8,000 when on shore duty; 12 rear admirals, each receiving $6,000 a year when at sea and $5,000 on shore duty; 25 commodores, 50 captains, and 90 commanders. The whole field of naval operations in every part of the world is divided into six stations, each commanded by a rear admiral, designated as the European, the Asiatic, the South Pacific, the North Pacific, the South Atlantic, and the North Atlantic. There are United States navy yards at Kittery, Me.; Boston, Mass.; New London, Conn.; Brooklyn, N. Y.; League Island (Philadelphia), Pa.; Washington, D. C.; Norfolk, Va.; Pensacola, Fla.; and Mare Island, Cal. Nine naval hospitals are maintained by the United States, as follows: Annapolis, Md.; Brooklyn, N. Y.; Chelsea, Mass.; Mare Island, Cal.; Norfolk, Va.; Pensacola, Fla.; Philadelphia, Pa.; Washington, D. C.; and Yokohama, Japan. (See Navy.)—The national debt of the United States, past and present, has accrued chiefly in consequence of the war of the revolution, that of 1812, the Florida war, the Mexican war, and the civil war. The cost of the revolutionary war was estimated by Hamilton at $135,193,703 in specie; the estimated cost of the war of 1812 was $75,450,930, and of the Mexican war $82,232,745. Acquisitions of territory have added $72,200,000 to the debt, as follows: the purchase of Louisiana from France in 1803, for $23,500,000 (including certain claims in addition to the price of the territory); of Florida from Spain in 1819 for $6,500,000; the Texas cession in 1850, $10,000,000; the acquisition of California from Mexico in 1848, $15,000,000; the Gadsden purchase from Mexico in 1853, $10,000,000; and the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867, $7,200,000. In 1790 the secretary of the treasury reported that the aggregate foreign and domestic debt on Dec. 31, 1784, was $54,124,464; the state debts, including interest, were estimated at $25,000,000. The outstanding principal of the public debt of the United States on Jan. 1 of each year from 1791 to 1843 inclusive, and on July 1 from 1844 to 1875, has been as follows:

YEARS.	Amount.
1791	$75,463,476
1792	77,227,924
1793	80,352,634
1794	78,427,404
1795	80,747,587
1796	83,762,172
1797	82,064,479
1798	79,228,529
1799	78,408,669
1800	82,976,294
1801	83,038,050
1802	80,712,632
1803	77,054,686
1804	$86,427,120
1805	82,312,150
1806	75,723,270
1807	69,218,398
1808	65,196,317
1809	57,023,192
1810	53,173,217
1811	48,005,587
1812	45,209,737
1813	55,962,827
1814	81,487,846
1815	99,833,660
1816	127,334,933
1817	$123,491,965
1818	103,466,633
1819	95,529,648
1820	91,015,566
1821	89,987,427
1822	93,546,676
1823	90,875,877
1824	90,269,777
1825	83,788,432
1826	81,054,059
1827	73,987,357
1828	67,475,043
1829	58,421,413
1830	48,565,406
1831	39,128,191
1832	24,322,235
1833	7,001,698
1834	4,760,082
1835	37,513
1836	336,957
1837	3,308,124
1838	10,434,221
1839	3,573,343
1840	5,250,875
1841	13,594,480
1842	20,601,226
1843	32,742,922
1844	23,461,652
1845	15,925,303
1846	15,550,202
1847	$38,826,534
1848	47,044,862
1849	63,061,858
1850	63,452,773
1851	68,304,796
1852	66,199,341
1853	59,803,117
1854	42,242,222
1855	35,586,956
1856	31,972,537
1857	28,699,831
1858	44,911,881
1859	58,496,837
1860	64,842,287
1861	90,580,873
1862	524,176,412
1863	1,119,772,138
1864	1,815,784,370
1865	2,680,647,869
1866	2,773,236,173
1867	2,678,126,103
1868	2,611,687,851
1869	2,588,452,213
1870	2,480,672,427
1871	2,353,211,332
1872	2,253,251,328
1873	[1]2,234,482,993
1874	[1]2,251,690,468
1875	[1]2,232,284,531

In 1835 the country was entirely out of debt, the small amount unpaid having been provided for. The total amount of loans and treasury notes issued by the government previous to the year 1861 was $492,371,087, all of which has been paid, with the exception of $1,408,050, which has matured but has not been presented for payment. The whole amount of loans and treasury notes issued since 1861 is $5,011,818,908. Under the acts of Feb. 8, July 17, and Aug. 5, 1861, were issued $207,736,350 of bonds redeemable in 1881, bearing 6 per cent. interest payable semi-annually, and known as sixes of '81. Under the acts of July 17, 1861, June 30, 1864, and March 3, 1865, treasury notes to the amount of $970,087,250 were issued in denominations of $50 and over, bearing 73/10 per cent. interest, and known as seven-thirties. With an unimportant exception, all of these have been paid or funded. Under the acts of Feb. 25, 1862, March 3, 1864, and Jan. 28 and March 3, 1865, $1,602,697,000 of coupon and registered bonds were issued, redeemable after 5 and payable in 20 years, bearing 6 per cent. interest payable semi-annually in coin, and known as five-twenties of '62, '64, and '65, and consols of '65, '67, and '68; outstanding, April 1, 1876, $701,318,300. Under the act of March 3, 1864, were issued $196,117,300 of “ten-forty” bonds, redeemable in 10 and payable in 40 years in coin, with 5 per cent. interest payable semi-annually; outstanding, $194,566,300. Under the acts of July 14, 1870, and Jan. 20, 1871, were issued $500,000,000 of 5 per cent. bonds payable in coin after 10 years, and the interest quarterly. Under the act of March 3, 1863,

1. Included in these sums are certificates of deposit amounting to $31,730,000 in 1873, $58,760,000 in 1874, and $58,415,000 in 1875. These certificates are offset by notes held on deposit for their redemption, and should he deducted from the principal of the public debt in comparing with previous years.