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20 TSCHUDI to those of the burning glass. He discovered a method from which the manufacture of porcelain in Saxony took its rise, and inves- tigated the properties of the curves which go under his name. He published MedicmaCor- voris (Amsterdam, 1686) OD.& Medtana Mentis (1687) afterward combined in several editions, and Anleitung zu nutslichen Wissenschajten, absonderlich zu der Mathesw und Phpih (Leip- sic, 1700; 3d ed., 1712). . TSCHUDI. I. J&ldins (GiixEs), a Swiss histo- rian, born in Glarus in 1505, died there, *eb. 28 1572. He served in the French army from 1536 to 1544, held several important offices in his canton both before and afterward, and in 1559 went as Swiss envoy to the imperial court of Ferdinand I. at Augsburg. He was ban- ished in 1562 for inducing the Catholic dele gates to attend the council of Trent, but was recalled in 1564 to settle the conflict between the see and the city of St. Gall. He wrote many works, of which the best known is his - Chronieon Helveticum (in German), embracing the history of Switzerland from 1000 to 1470 (2 vols., Basel, l734-'6). II. Johann Jakob Ton, a Swiss naturalist, a descendant of the precc,- ding and grandson of a historian of the same name, born in Glarus, July 25, 1818. He com- pleted his studies in Paris, and explored Peru from 1838 to 1843, and Brazil and other South American states in 1857-9, and subsequent to his appointment as Swiss minister to Brazil in 1860. In 1866 he became minister at Vienna. His works include Peru : Reiseskixzen aus den Jahren 1838-'42 (2 vols., St. Gall, 1846; trans- lated into English in 1847 by T. Ross) ; Unter- sucJiungen uber die Fauna Peruana (St. Gall, 1844-7) ; Die Ketschuasprache (2 vols., Vien- na, 1853), with a Peruvian grammar and dic- tionary; Seise durch die Andes von Sadame- rika (Gotha, 1860); Die brasilische Provinz Minas-Geraes (Gotha, 1863) ; and Reisen durch Siidamerilca (5 vols., Leipsic, 1866-'9). He has also edited, in conjunction with Don Ma- riano Eduardo de Rivera, the Antigiiedades Peruanas (Vienna, 1851 ; translated by the Rev. F. L. Hawks, 8vo, New York, 1854). III. Friedrieh von, a naturalist, brother of the pre- ceding, born in 1820. He became president of the council of education of the canton and great councillor of the city of St. Gall, and wrote a popular manual of agriculture and other works. His Thierleben der Alpenwelt (Leipsic, 1852 ; 9th ed., 1872) has been trans lated into several languages. TSETSE, the native name of a proboscidian dipterous insect of the genus glossina (Wiede- mann), peculiar to Africa, and especially to the tropical portions. This genus comes near stomoxys (Fabr.), and resembles in appearance and habits the gadfly called in Scotland cleg (hcematopota pluvialis, Meig.). The best known species, G. morsitans (Westw.), is 5 lines long and 8 in expanse of wings, a little larger thai the house fly ; the head is dirty buff, and the eyes are large ; thorax chestnut red, with four TSETSE ongitudinal black bars ; abdomen dirty buff, with black bristles above, the first segment with a round black spot at each side, and tho ! our following with a broad dark brown band "nterrupted in the middle; the wings are con- siderably longer than the body. The blood- sucking apparatus consists of a long horny proboscis, containing a compound bristU- or iwo needle-like piercers, communicating with a poison bulb at the base, and supported on each side by two feathery palpi. It is very active and difficult to catch, except in the cool of the morning and evening, when it is slug- i-ish ; it has a loud and peculiar buzz, which Iocs 'not terrify cattle like that of the gadflies. This scourge of the African wilderness has no sting in the tail, and deposits no eggs on or under the skin of aniu>als, but introduces its poison into the blood by the proboscis while sucking. The puncture of the tsetse is almost certain death to the ox, horse, sheep, and dog, but is harmless to man, the mule, ass, goat, pig, wild animals, and even calves while suck- ing ; in man it causes a slight itching, like that Tsetse (Glossina morsitans), enlarged. produced by the bite of the mosquito or flea. It produces no immediate effect in the ox or horse, but in a few days there appears an exu- dation for half an inch, around the punctures, the eyes and nose begin to run, the skin quivers as if from cold, and swellings occur under the jaw ; the animal may continue to graze, but by degrees grows thin and weak ; this state may continue for months, until purging comes on, and death ensues from exhaustion. The better the condition of the animal bitten, the more speedy often will the death be, accompa- nied by symptoms of staggering and blindness ; sudden changes of temperature hasten the pro- gress .of the disease, which goes on to certain death. They occasionally attack a horse like a swarm of bees, alighting on him by hun- dreds, sometimes causing death in a week. After death the subcutaneous areolar tissue is found to be injected with air, and the fat is oily and greenish yellow ; the heart and mus- cles are very soft and flabby, the gall bladder distended with bile, the blood much reduced in quantity, with signs of disease in the lungs and liver. No remedy is known ; the natives