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322 VERON VERONA hospital and other institutions from about 1821 till 1828, and made a fortune by the lozenges of his deceased friend Regnauld. In 1829 he founded the Revue de Paris. In 1831 he be- came director of the opera, put on the stage works by Meyerbeer, Auber, and Halevy, and retired with large means at the end of 1835. In 1838 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the chamber of deputies. He purchased an interest in the Constitutionnel at the sugges- tion of Thiers, whose organ it was, and in 1844 became sole proprietor. In 1849 he deserted Thiers for Louis Napoleon, whose coup d'etat of Deo. 2, 1851, he applauded ; and he was elected as an official candidate to the legisla- tive body, and reflected in 1857. In January, 1862, he finally left the Constitutionnel. His works include Memoires d'un bourgeois de Pa- ris (7 vols., 1854-'6); Cinq cent mille francs de rente, a romance (2 vols., 1855) ; Quatre ans de regne: OH allons-noutf (1857); and Les thedtres de Paris depuis ISQGjusqu'en 1860. YERON, Pierre, a French writer, born in Paris in 1833. He was the editor of the Revue de Paris from 1854 till its suppression in 1858, and subsequently was one of the editors of the Charivari. He is a voluminous writer on metropolitan life, one of his most recent works being Le sac a la malice (1875). YERONi. I. A N. E. province of Italy, in the W. part of Venetia, bordering on Tyrol and the provinces of Vicenza, Padua, Rovigo, Mantua, and Brescia, from which it is sepa- rated by the Mincio and the lake of Garda; area, 1,061 sq. m. ; pop. in 1872, 367,437. The Adige flows through the centre of the prov- ince, and there are altogether 9 navigable rivers and 13 canals, and many streams and torrents. I The N. part is mountainous; the other parts are level or undulating. There are marshes in the south, but the soil is generally fertile, and the pastures rich. The productions in- clude grain, rice, fruit, flax, silk, oil, and wine, and several minerals. Lake Garda and the rivers are well stocked with fish, and game is plentiful. The principal mineral springs are at Caldiero. The chief towns, besides the cap- ital, are Legnago, Villaf ranca, and Caprino. II. A city, capital of the province, at the foot of the last spurs of the Tyrolese Alps, on both sides of the Adigej surrounded by groves and villas, in one of the finest regions of N. Italy, 62 m. W. of Venice ; pop. in 1872, 67,080. The Adige is crossed by many bridges, the finest and most recent connecting with the railway station, and floating mills are moored in the river. The fortifications were begun by the emperor Gallienus and continued by Theodoric and Charlemagne. The Scala dynasty erect- ed forked battlements and towers, and the Ve- netians originated the outworks. Sammicheli introduced in the 16th century the triangular and pentangular bastions, and his plans made the whole system of fortification a marvel of modern engineering. His ramparts and bas- tions were almost entirely destroyed under the treaty of Lun6ville (1801), but the Austrians subsequently made it a formidable stronghold. Sammicheli's celebrated gates, the Porta Nuova and Porta del Palio or Stuppa, still remain, as well as vestiges of the Roman and subsequent walls. The principal square is the piazza dei Signori, with the palazzo del Consiglio, the co- lossal statue of Dante erected May 14, 1865, the Scala palaces occupied by the local author- ities, and a campanile consisting of one mag- nificent piece of brickwork, 300 ft. high. The piazza delle Erbe, or vegetable market, was the forum of the republican era of the city. Be- sides the Corso, there are several fine avenues, but most of the streets are unsightly. Conspic- uous among 48 churches is the cathedral of Sta. Maria Matricolare, most- ly rebuilt in the 12th century, with exceed- ingly rich chapels and monuments, and with Titian's '-Assumption." Attached to the cloister is the Capitolare library, with important collec- tions of historical, theo- logical, and legal works and manuscripts. Sant' Anastasia is one of the finest Gothic churches in the whole country, though the front is not finished. San Zonone is M^^^^^H^BS the most characteristic specimen of mediaeval ecclesiastical architec- ture; it has a rich interior of singular gran- deur, and the belfry of brick and marble, with arches and turrets, is one of the most remarkable of its kind. San Fenno, called