Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XVI.djvu/521

WATER CRESS colors do not adhere well, it should be sponged over, or the colors may be mixed with water to which a little ox gall has been added. A pecu- liar texture is sometimes imparted to parts of the paper by rubbing, sponging, &c., and some of the finest landscape effects are thus pro- duced. The colors employed, except gamboge and sap colors, do not differ from those used in oil painting (see PAINTS), and are either made into hard cakes with gum, or used "moist," or prepared with honey or some saccharine material. Moist colors are generally also made into cakes, though they are some- times brought to a semi-fluid consistence and enclosed in thin leaden tubes, from which they may be squeezed out in small quantities as needed. Colors so prepared are chiefly used for large works or when a considerable body of color must be laid on in a short time. The mixing of Chinese white with the pigments so as to render them opaque (a practice strongly advocated by Ruskin) constitutes body-color painting, as opposed to transparent-color paint- ing. The principal colors are ultramarine, in- digo, Antwerp and cobalt blues, gamboge, ochre, Indian and chrome yellows, Indian red, vermilion, lake, carmine, burnt ochre, and brown pink reds. Out of these primary colors all the others may be compounded ; but sap green and several browns, as raw and burnt sienna, Vandyke brown, umber, sepia, &c., may also be used. They are generally mixed with water alone, but gum and other substances are sometimes added to give depth to the shad- ows and brilliancy to the lights. Brown sable brushes are generally used. WATER CRESS, a plant (nasturtium officinale) of the cruciferce or mustard family. The ge- neric name has become the common name of a plant of a different family. (See NASTUR- TIUM.) It is a smooth perennial aquatic, with much branched, creeping or floating stems, which root freely at the joints; the pinnate leaves have 3 to 11 roundish or oblong leaf- lets ; the white flowers, which appear all sum- mer, are in short racemes, and succeeded by pods half an inch or more long, slightly curved upward, containing two distinct rows of tur- gid, wingless seeds. The plant is a native of northern Europe and Russian Asia. The leaves and young shoots have a pleasant pungency, and are generally esteemed as a salad, being eaten simply with salt, or added to lettuce and other salads and dressed with oil and vinegar. In many localities the plant grows spontane- ously in brooks and ditches, but it is largely cultivated for market, and is a very profitable crop. A clear stream with a gravelly bottom is desirable ; this is often made to cover a large area by preparing beds at the sides and direct- ing the water into them by means of partial dams. The beds are stocked by sowing seeds, or most generally by setting fragments of the plants ; the crop should not be pulled, but cut, as the portion left soon throws out new and tender shoots, allowing several successive cut- WATERFORD 501 tings to be made. There are but few varieties ; the brown-leaved is thought to have a larger proportion of foliage to the stems, and a new variety, the sweet Erfurt, which has yellowish green foliage, is regarded in Europe as the best flavored. Those who have no brook may cul- tivate the water cress in a tub. and it may be had at all seasons by planting cuttings in broad pots, set in pans of water, in a cool green- house. The winter cress (flarlarea proscoy!) has been cultivated, and has become naturalized in Pennsylvania and southward ; it is sometimes sold for water cress, but it has a bitter and much less agreeable taste. WATEREE, a river of South Carolina, formed by the junction of the Catawba river and Fish- ing creek, the former rising in North Caro- lina, and the latter in York co., S. C. The two streams unite in the S. E. part of Chester co., and the Wateree takes first a S. E. and then a S. course, and unites with the Congaree in the S. E. extremity of Richland co., the two forming the Suntee. Steamboats ascend the Wateree to Camden, 200 m. from the sea. WATERFORD. I. A S. county of Ireland, in the province of Munster, bordering on Cork, Tipperary, Kilkenny, and Wexford counties, Watefford harbor, and St. George's channel ; area, 713 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 122,825. The coast is in general bold and rocky, but has four good harbors, Waterford at the east and Youghal at the west, and Dungarvan harbor and Tramore bay between them. The surface is mountainous, the Knockmealdown ridge and the Cummeragh or Monavullagh mountains occupying the greater portion. Copper mines are worked ; there are also lead and iron mines (not now worked), potters' clay, and marble. The county is drained by the Suir, navigable for large vessels to "Waterford, and for boats to Carrick-on-Suir; and by the Blackwater, navigable for small vessels. The principal staples are butter and bacon. There are ex- tensive fisheries, employing about 1,100 men and boys. II. A city, capital of the county, 83 m. S. S. W. of Dublin, with which, s well as with Limerick and Cork, it is connected by rail; pop. in 1871, 23,349. It is on the right bank of the river Suir, 9 m. above its entrance into Waterford harbor, and has an extensive suburb (Ferrybank) on the left bank. There are two parish churches, a Roman Catholic cathedral and college, an exchange, custom house, theatre, &c. The quay, the finest in Ireland, extends three fourths of a mile along the river, with a general width of 40 yards, and has sufficient depth of water for vessels of 800 tons. The exports, chiefly to England, are agricultural and dairy products, cattle, sheep, and pigs. The town was probably founded about 850, when Sithric the Dane made it his capital. At the lower end of the quay is a Danish tower erected by Reginald, son of Imar, in 1003. In 1171 Strongbow, earl of Pembroke, and Raymond le Gros took ater- f ord and put to death most of the Danish in-