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TURGENEFF TURIN 53 caped to Paris, where he spent the rest of his life. He wrote La Russia et lea Rusaea (3 vols., Paris, 1847). TURGENEFF, Ivan, a Russian novelist, born in Orel in November, 1818. He studied in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Berlin, and in 1843 received a clerkship in the ministry of the interior. He was subsequently banished to the provinces on account of his liberal sen- timents, and after several years was allowed to return to the capital ; but he has since chiefly resided in Paris and Baden. He first made himself known by several works of poetry (1843-'4), but achieved much greater success by his "Memoirs of a Sportsman," an exquisite humorous picture of Russian rural life (2 vols., 1852), and subsequently by his "Fathers and Sons" (1862), "Smoke" (1867), and other novels. Most of his works, some of which he wrote in French, have been trans- lated into English, German, and other lan- guages. Among them are " Liza," " On the Eve," "Dmitri Rudin," "Journal of a Useless Man," and "A Lear of the. Steppe." TURGOT, Anne Robert Jacques, baron de 1' Aulne, a French statesman, born in Paris, May 10, 1727, died there, March 20, 1781. He was educated for the church, and in 1749 became prior of the Sorbonne ; but he abandoned the profession in 1752, studied law, and in 1753 became councillor in the parliament and mas- ter of requests. As early as 1745 he had pub- lished his Lettre sur le papier-monnaie, and he now applied himself to the study of natural philosophy, agriculture, manufactures, and com- merce, publishing his views in papers in the Encyclopedic or in pamphlets. The most re- markable of these are his Lettrea sur la tole- rance (1753). In 1761 he was appointed in- tendant of Limousin, and introduced many reforms in the administration of that province ; free transport was allowed to corn and bread- stuffs, taxes were lessened, roads and highways improved, and workhouses and charitable in- stitutions established. In 1771 appeared his Reflexions sur la formation et la distribution des richesses, his chief work on political econo- my. He also published papers on loans and on mines, and Lettres sur la liberte du com- merce des grains. On the accession of Louis XVI. he was made comptroller general of finances, and undertook to improve the finan- cial condition of the kingdom by freedom of labor at home and of trade abroad, and by substituting for taxes on a multitude of ar- ticles a single tax on land. These reforms were encouraged by the king, but were obnox- ious to courtiers and many others. In 1775 he was charged with having caused scarcity by his regulations respecting the grain trade. In January, 1776, he caused an edict to be issued, abolishing compulsory labor for the state, in- ternal duties on breadstuffs, the privileges of trading corporations, &c. But this only in- creased the number of his enemies ; the privi- leged classes were so loud in their complaints that the king was afraid to support his minis- ter, and Turgot was dismissed in May. His CEuvres completes, published by Dupont de Nemours (9 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1808-'!!), were reprinted under the supervision of Eugene Daire and Hippolyte Dusard (2 vols., 1843-'4). His biography was written by Condorcet (Lon- don, 1786). TURIN (It. Torino). I. A N. W. province of Italy, in Piedmont, bounded W. by France ; area, 4,068 sq. m. ; pop. in 1872, 972,986. It is watered by the Po and its numerous afflu- ents. The eastern and southern portions of the surface are level or hilly; the northern and western are traversed by lofty branch- es of the Pennine, Graian, and Cottian Alps, containing many glaciers. Among the princi- pal products are wheat, maize, mulberries, melons, and hemp ; in the valleys rice and silk culture, and in the mountains cattle raising and mining, are extensive. The province is divided into the districts of Turin, Pinerolo, Susa, Aosta, and Ivrea. II. A city, capital of the province, in a large plain enclosed by the Alps excepting on the northeast, at the junc- tion of the Dora Riparia with the Po, 77 m. Porta Palatina. S. W. of Milan; pop. in 1872, 212,644. It is remarkable for its fine bridges, that on the Dora forming a single arch, large squares and broad streets, the monuments and palaces in the new town, and its delightful promenades bordered by villas. Of the ancient walls, only the Porta Palatina and one or two other parts are now standing. The piazza Castello con- tains many public buildings, and is surrounded by palaces which extend along the via del Po to the collina di Torino, a pretty range of ad- jacent hills. The royal palace, on the N. side