Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XVI.djvu/685

WIND FLOWER WIND FLOWER. See ANEMONE. WINDHA1H. I. The S. E. county of Vermont, bordering on Massachusetts, and separated from New Hampshire by the Connecticut river ; area, 780 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 26,036. The surface is generally hilly, and in the W. part mountainous, and the soil is fertile. Granite of an excellent quality is very abundant. It is traversed by the Vermont Central and Con- necticut River railroads. The chief produc- tions in 1870 were 4,230 bushels of wheat, 185,675 of Indian corn, 163,122 of oats, 12,688 of barley, 353,836 of potatoes, 1,045,473 Ibs. of butter, 92,095 of cheese, 233,772 of wool, 988,- 444 of maple sugar, 72,630 of tobacco, and 83,- 306 tons of hay. There were 4,818 horses, 6,685 milch cows, 13,266 other cattle, 42,440 sheep, and 3,946 swine. The whole number of manufactories was 278, having an aggregate capital of $1,413,452 ; value of products, $2,- 310,842. The most important were 2 of boots and shoes, 4 of children's carriages and sleds, 20 of carriages and wagons, 17 of furniture, 2 of hardware, 8 of machinery, 1 of organs, 2 of wrapping paper, 4 of woollens, 11 flour mills, 9 tanneries, 4 currying establishments, and 20 sawmills. Capital, Fayetteville. II. TheN.E. county of Connecticut, bordering on Rhode Island and Massachusetts, and drained by the Quinebaug, Willimantic, Shetucket, and Nat- chaug rivers; area, 620 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870. 38,518. The surface is very much broken, and the soil along the streams is highly fertile, but poor in other parts. It is intersected by the Norwich and Worcester, the Hartford, Prov- idence, and Fisbkill, the New London North- ern, and the New York and New England rail- roads. The chief productions in 1870 were 16,094 bushels of rye, 161,414 of Indian corn, 167,574 of oats, 22,109 of buckwheat, 297,431 of potatoes, 517,509 Ibs. of butter, 375,696 of cheese, 36,526 of wool, 5,685 of tobacco, and 58,734 tons of hay. There were 3,238 horses, 10,064 milch cows, 11,018 other cattle, 10,176 sheep, and 5,978 swine. The whole number of manufactories was 424, having an aggregate capital of $7,996,259; value of products, $11,- 028,056. The most important were 3 of acids, 13 of boots and shoes, 5 of bricks, 14 of car- riages and wagons, 13 of clothing, 35 of cotton goods, 1 of glass ware, 2 of iron castings, 13 of machinery, 3 of paper, 3 of shoddy, 3 of sewing silk and twist, 14 of woollens, 24 flour mills, and 22 saw mills. Capital, Brooklyn. WINDHAM, William, an English statesman, born in London, May 3, 1750, died there, June 3, 1810. He was educated at Eton, Glasgow, and Oxford, and began his political career by a speech at a meeting in Norwich in 1778, in which he denounced the war against the Amer- ican colonies. He was a member of Dr. John- son's literary club and a friend of Burke and Fox, and was returned to parliament for Nor- wich in the general election for 1784. In 1787 he was appointed one of the managers of the impeachment of Warren Hastings. He warm- WINDMILL 661 ly advocated war with France, and was secre- tary at war in Pitt's cabinet from 1794 to 1801 In 1802 he vehemently denounced the peace of Amiens. He entered the Grenville adminis- tration in 1806 aa secretary for the war and colonial departments, retired from office with his colleagues in 1807, and thenceforth re- mained in opposition. His eloquence was of a very high order, and Macaulay characterized him as "the finest gentleman of the age." His speeches have been published (8 vols. London, 1812), with a life prefixed. His diary was edited by Mrs. H. Baring in 1866. WINDMILL, a building containing machinery driven by the action of wind upon a set of wings or sails. Windmills are of two kinds, one revolving in a vertical, the other in a hori- zontal plane. The principal parts of the ma- chinery of a vertical windmill are: 1, an axis in the top of the building, inclined (as the impulse of the wind is very commonly exerted in a line descending at such an angle) to the horizontal at 10 or 15, on which are the wings; 2, the wings, consisting of as many sail frames, with sails stretched on them, which, if four, are at right angles with each other, and that in all cases are mainly rectangular to the axis, their length being from 30 to 40 ft. each ; 3, a large toothed wheel upon the horizontal axis already referred to, carried about with it by the action of the wind on the sails, and of course standing at the angle of 10 to 15 with the vertical, the teeth of which engage with those of a pinion upon 4, a truly vertical axis rising through the middle of the mill, and thus impart a movement of rotation to this, and (in case of grinding) to the upper millstone. The first named, or as it may be called horizontal axis, is supported at its innermost end near the centre of the base of a dome or cover surmount- ing the mill; while its opposite extremity is let through a perforation in one side of the dome, and projects -far enough beyond to re- ceive the ends of the long timbers, or " whips," to which the sails are alfixed. The suddenly varying and often extreme pressure of the wind upon the wings renders it necessary that the supports of the horizontal axis, and all parts of the wings projecting from it, shall have great strength. Against the rim of the principal wheel upon this axis a brake can be brought to act, so as to stop the motion of the machinery. In the ordinary kind of wings, beginning at about six feet from the axis along each of the six whips, project on one or both sides of the whip a series of wooden pieces or staves, at right angles with the whip, usually growing shorter toward its extremity, and having their ends further joined by a continuous lath or strip of wood; the whole thus forms a sort of lattice, upon which the sail is to be stretched. The lattice and canvas are inclined to the line of the axis and of the wind at such an angle that, as in case of the obliquely set sails of ves- sels, the total force of the wind is resolved into components, a considerable one of which