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WOLFRAM thrown away, specimens from 5 to 10 Ibs. are very fine eating, especially when broiled after the skin is removed ; many are split, salted, and smoked for future use. WOLFRAM. See TUNGSTEN. WOLLASTON, William, an English author, born at Ooton-Clanford, Staffordshire, March 26, 1659, died in London, Oct. 29, 1724. He was educated at Cambridge, and in 1681 became assistant master, and in 1686 head master, of Birmingham school. In 1688 he inherited an estate and removed to London. His most celebrated work, "The Religion of Nature Delineated," was published in 1724. WOLLASTON, William Hyde, an English natural philosopher, born Aug. 6, 1766, died in Lon- don, Dec. 22, 1828. He received the degree of M. D. at the university of Cambridge in 1793, practised medicine for some time at Bury St. Edmunds, and then removed to London, where he devoted himself almost exclusively to chem- ical and physical investigations. His impor- tant researches were mainly embodied in a se- ries of papers published in the " Philosophical Transactions," and embrace almost the entire range of physical science. He early maintained the chemical doctrine of galvanic action, and was the first to demonstrate the identity of galvanism and frictional electricity. As a re- sult of his experiments on the ores of the more refractory metals, he determined a pro-. cess (known as the Wollaston process) of iso- lating platinum in a pure state, and in 1803 discovered in association with the ore of that metal palladium and rhodium. He subsequent- ly devised a means of rendering platinum mal- leable, by which he acquired great wealth, and for which he received the royal medal of the royal society shortly before his death. To him is due the discovery of the dark or Fraunhofer lines in the solar spectrum, the existence of which he detected in 1802 while viewing a beam of sunlight through an ordinary glass prism. (See SPECTRUM ANALYSIS.) Among his more important scientific inventions are the double plate and thimble galvanic batteries, the latter so minute as to be embraced in the compass of a thimble; the sliding rule of chemical equivalents; the camera lucida; the reflecting goniometer for measuring the an- gles of crystals; and the cryophorus, where- by water is frozen by means of its own evap- oration. He also improved the construction of the microscope by introducing the Wollas- ton doublet or compound lens. In 1806 he was elected secretary, and in 1820 president of the royal society. WOLLSTONECRAFT, Mary. See GODWIN, MAET WOLLSTONECRAFT, Vol. Vlii., p. 64. WOLOWSKI, Loots Fran?ois Michel Raymond, a French economist, born in Warsaw, Aug. 81, 1810. He studied in France, and, after taking part in the Polish revolution of 1830, settled in Paris, where he founded in 1833 the Revue de legislation et de jurisprudence. In 1834 he was naturalized, and subsequently he married WOLSEY C99 a sister of L6on Faucher. In 1839 he became law professor at the conservatoire des arts et metiers, and in 1848 a member of its council; and he was elected to the constituent and sub- sequently to the legislative assembly, retiring in 1851. He then resumed his professorship, and founded the first credit fonder bank, ulti- mately known as the credit fonder de France. In 1855 he succeeded Blanqui in the academy of moral and political sciences. On July 2, 1871, he was elected in Paris to the national assembly, and in 1872 was adjoined to the superior council of commerce, agriculture, and industry. He is known as an opponent of Thiers's protectionist views. His works in- clude De V organisation du travail (1845) ; fitudes d'economie politique et de statistiqve (1848) ; De V organisation du credit fonder (1849) ; Henri IV. economiste : Introduction de V Industrie de la soie en France (1855); Introduction de Veconomie politique en Italie (1859) ; Les finances de la Russie (1864) ; La Tbanque d 1 Angleterre et les lanques d'Ecosse (1867); La liberte commerciale et les resultats du traite de commerce de 1860 (1868) ; and Z'or et Vargent (1870). WOLSELEY, Sir Garnet Joseph, a British soldier, born in county Dublin, Ireland, in 1838. He entered the army in 1852, and served in Burmah, in the Crimea, in India during the sepoy mu- tiny of 1857-'8, and in China in 1860. For several years after 1867 he was stationed in Canada; in 1870 he was knighted. In 1874, as chief commander, he ended the Ashantee war, entering Koomassie Feb. 4, and receiving the submission of King Koffee. In 1874, after his return to London, he declined a title, but received the brevet of lieutenant general, a parliamentary grant of 25,000, and the liber- ties of the city of London, with a valuable sword. Subsequently he was for some time governor of Natal. WOLSEY, Thomas, aft English prelate, born in Ipswich in 1471, died in Leicester, Nov. 29, 1530. He graduated at Oxford, was elected a fellow, received holy orders, and obtained the living of Lymington, Somersetshire. About 1506 he became chaplain to Henry VII., and afterward was intrusted with a secret mission to the emperor Maximilian. His dexterity in this employment was rewarded with the rich deanery of Lincoln. Henry VIII., shortly after his accession, appointed him his almoner. During the war he went with the king to France, and after the capture of Tournay (1513) became administrator of that see. Suit- ors at court now eagerly bought his patron- age, and he grew rich rapidly. Before the end of 1514 he was archbishop of York. In Sep- tember, 1515, Leo X. made him a cardinal, hoping through his influence to gain the aid of Henry against the French. Three months later he was created lord chancellor of England, and in 1518 received from Leo the appointment for two years of legate a latere ; and receiving suc- cessive prorogations and additional powers, he