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YUMAS ley of the Colorado is from 2 to 10 m. wide; that of the Gila from 1 to 3 m. These valleys, with irrigation, are very productive. The rest of the county consists mostly of high table lands, with frequent broken mountains, and is generally destitute of water. A part of the year these table lands are covered with grass. The climate in summer is very hot and dry ; in winter it is mild and healthful. Gold, silver, copper, and lead are found in lodes near the Colorado, and there are extensive deposits of copper along the S. border. Capital, Yuma. Yl'MAS, a nation of American Indians on both sides of the Colorado near its junction with the Gila, calling themselves the 'Sons of the River. They are also termed Cuchans. They were early known to the Spaniards, and were visited by Father Kuhn in 1701, and by Sedelmayr in 1744 and 1748. In 1780 Spanish settlements were begun among them with two Franciscan missions, Purisima Concepcion and San Pedro y San Paulo ; but as the Spaniards occupied nearly all their fertile lands, the Yumas in July, 1781, massacred all the whites. In 1791 their number was estimated at 3,000. After their territory came within the limits of the United States they were visited by Lieut. Whipple in October, 1849. They were then friendly to whites, inhabited rude excavated huts, with roofs of boughs supported by posts, and lived partly by hunting and fishing and partly on maize, melons, and pumpkins raised by the women, and on mezquite beans and grass seed gathered by them. The women made water-tight baskets and rude pottery, and a kind of brandy from the mezquite. They had horses and dogs, but no other animals. Round bits of shell pierced as beads served for money and ornament. The men wore a breech cloth, the women a bark fringe apron ; all painted. The hair was cut at the eyebrows, but worn very long behind. They were well formed, active, and intelligent. They have been faithful, refusing to join other tribes against the Americans, except in 1853, when under Antonio Gana they rose against the whites, but were defeated by Gen. Heintzel- man. Since Fort Yuma was placed near them the women have been completely debauched, so that the whole tribe is now diseased. They have long been at war with the Maricopas, Pimas, and Papagos. In 1828 they were near- ly annihilated by their enemies, and the rem- nant of the nation fled to the Mohaves, where they remained till 1845, when they returned to their original hunting grounds. They re- newed war with the Maricopas in 1849, but in 1857 they and their allies were defeated at Maricopa Wells, and out of 100 Yuma braves only 6 escaped. Under the act of March 3, 1865, and executive orders of Nov. 22, 1873, and Nov. 16, 1874, a reservation of 200 sq. m. was set apart for the Mohaves, Cocopas, Hua- lapais, Yumas, and Chemehueves; but though the influx of whites has narrowed their tillable lands and hunting grounds, and the mezquite YVON 801 is used for fodder, they shrink from going on the reservation, and live chiefly by menial labor. They are now (1876) reduced to 930. The Mohaves, Cocopas, Yavapai, and San Diego Indians are allied in language to the Yumas, and Pimentel traces a connection between the Yuma and Pima tongues. YlJMAJf, a S. W. province of China, bounded N. W. by Thibet, N. by Szechuen, E. by Kwei- chow and Kwangsi, S. by Anam, Laos, and Siam, and S. W. by Burmah; area, 107,969 sq. m. ; pop. according to the census of 1812, 5,561,320, and estimated in 1876 at about 6,000,000. The lakes of Yunnan are cele- brated, and the Talifu, in the northwest, is over 100 m. long by 20 m. broad. The main rivers are the Yangtse in the north and the Lantsan running S. into the gulf of Siam. The Tonquin affords easy access to S. Yunnan. The country is mountainous and has little til- lage. A portion of the people are Mohamme- dans, and civil conflicts have arisen, whence industry and agriculture have greatly declined. There are very valuable mines, but they are not worked. The capital, of the same name, on the N. shore of Lake Chin, is an impor- tant manufacturing and trading place. For the Mohammedan rebellion in Yunnan and the extinction of the empire of the Panthays, see CHINA, vol. iv., p. 464. In 1868 an expedition was sent from British India to explore the route through Burmah to Yunnan, with a view to promoting trade. In 1875 a second expedi- tion set out to complete the work, which was joined at Bhamo by Mr. Margary, who had been sent from Shanghai and passed through Yunnan. They met with hostility in their pro- gress, and Mr. Margary, entering Manwyne alone, was murdered. The expedition returned, and a new one was sent in 1876, which secured reparation for the murder. See " Mandalay to Momien : a Narrative of the two Expeditions to Western China of 1868 and 1875, under Col. Edward B. Sladen and Col. Horace Browne," by John Anderson, M. D. (London, 1876). TVERDOf, or Yverdon (anc. Ebrodunum; Ger. Ifferteri), a town of Switzerland, in the can- ton of Vaud, beautifully situated at the S. W. end of Lake Neufchatel, at the mouth of the Thiele, 17 m. N. of Lausanne; pop. in 1870, 5,889. It has fine promenades, a gym- nasium, a school for deaf mutes, and a library with Roman antiquities. The palace, built in 1135 by Duke Conrad of Zahringen, and en- larged in 1260 by Peter of Savoy, was occu- pied by Pestalozzi for his institute from 1805 to 1825. Felice founded here a great printing and publishing establishment, issuing among other works an Encyclopedic in 48 vols. 4to. (See FELICE, FOBTUNATO BAETOLOMMEO.) The place was a fortified town under the Ro- mans, and was much more important in the middle ages than now. TVOBf, Adolphe, a French painter, born at Eschweiler, Lorraine, in 1817. He studied un- der Paul Delaroche, and became known by