Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XVI.djvu/845

ZHUKOFFSKI ZIMMERMANN 815 ZHCKOFFSKI, Vasili, a Eussian poet, born in 1783, died in Baden-Baden, April 24, 1852. He studied in Moscow, and in 1808-'9 edited the Viestnik Evropi ("European Messenger"), then the leading periodical in Russia. In 1812 he fought against Napoleon, and wrote stirring war songs and a great national hymn. He af- terward gave lessons in Russian literature to the future wife of Nicholas, from 1824 to 1848 was tutor to the grand duke, the present em- peror Alexander II., and subsequently resided in Germany. He was the founder of a roman- tic school, and the first Russian poet to com- pose ballads, the best being Svietlana, and to introduce the iambic metre. He also wrote tales, the finest of which is Marina roshtcha (" Mary's Grove "), and translated Gray's " Elegy," Byron's " Prisoner of Chillon," ballads of Goethe and Uhland, and Schiller's Jungfrau von Orleans; his masterpiece is Liudmila, a version of Burger's Leonore. Several of his pieces are contained in Sir John Bowring's " Specimens of the Russian Poets " (1824). His works have been collected in 10 volumes (St. Petersburg, 1849-'50). ZIBETH. See CIVET. ZIDOJf. See SIDON. ZIEM, Felix, a French painter, born in Beaune about 1822. He studied in Paris, travelled in the East and Italy, and produced " View of the Bosporus," " The Grand Canal of Venice," and many other pictures relating to Venice, An- twerp, Marseilles, and Constantinople. His views of Venice are especially celebrated. One of his most effective pictures is " Vesuvius." ZIETHEN, Hans Ernst Karl, count, a Prussian soldier, born March 5, 1770, died at Warm- brunn, Silesia, May 3, 1848. He distinguished himself in the wars against Napoleon I. (1813- '15), especially at Waterloo, when his corps ap- peared on the French right and checked Ney's advance. (See WATERLOO.) Subsequently he was stationed at Sedan at the head of the Prussian army of occupation. On returning home he was made a count and commander- in-chief in Silesia, and he retired in 1835 with the rank of general field marshal. ZIETHEN, Hans Joachim von, a Prussian sol- dier, born near Ruppin, May 18, 1699, died in Berlin, Jan. 26, 1786. He became known in 1730 in connection with a regiment of hussars at Berlin which was subsequently celebrated. After a long service in the army he especially distinguished himself in 1745 at Hohenfried- berg and Hennersdorf, where he was wounded. Frederick the Great was subsequently aliena- ted from him till 1755, after which he was his special favorite and next to Seydlitz his^ ablest general in the seven years' war. In. his 79th year he offered to serve in the war of the Bavarian succession. Monuments have been erected to him at Rheinsberg and Berlin, the latter, by Schadow, on the Ziethenplatz. His life was written by Hahn (4th ed., 1867). ZIM9IER9IAM, Albert, a German painter, born in Zittau, Saxony, in 1809. He studied in Mu- 848 VOL. xvi. 52 nich, and in 1837 became professor at the acad- emy of Milan. He excels in landscapes. Hia works include " The Brocken and its Witch- es," "The Finding of Moses," "Lake Luga- no," " Dawn," and a " Mountain View during a Storm," considered his masterpiece. His brothers August Robert (1818-'64) and Richard (1820-'75) were well known landscape painters, as is his brother August Maximilian or Max. ZUI9IERMAM, Clemens YOU, a German paint- er, born in Dilsseldorf, Nov. 8, 1789, died in Munich, Jan. 24, 1869. He was educated at Diisseldorf and Munich, and first attracted at- tention by a picture of the " Sacrifice of Noah." In 1815 he became director of the gallery at Augsburg, and in 1825 professor of painting at the academy in Munich; and he was direc- tor of the central gallery there from 1846 to 1865. He was one of the artists employed to decorate the Glyptothek and the Pinakothek, where he executed the fresco designs of Cor- nelius. He also executed for the dining hall of the royal palace a series of subjects from Anacreon. One of his most important single works, a colossal "Assumption of the Virgin," is in a church at Claire Village, Australia. His subsequent oil paintings comprise " The Conversion of Saul" and "The Conquest of Jerusalem by the Crusaders." ZI9IMER9IAM, Johann Georg von, a Swiss au- thor, born at Brugg, canton of Bern, Dec. 8, 1728, died in Hanover, Oct. 7, 1795. He was educated at the university of Gottingen, pur- suing under the direction of Haller an ex- tremely comprehensive course of study with such zeal that his health became permanently impaired. In 1751 he took the degree of M. D., producing a physiological dissertation on " Irri- tability," which is still held in esteem. He commenced practice at Bern in 1752, but soon removed to Brugg, and attained the highest rank in his profession. Patients resorted to him from all parts of central Europe, depri- ving him of leisure for study and research. He became in consequence discontented with his position, and the symptoms of melancholy which had appeared during his residence in Gottingen were gradually developed into hypo- chondria. He avoided society, and passed his leisure hours in reading or meditation, and during this period published his biography of Haller and the first sketch of his well known work "On Solitude" (Ueber die Einsamlceit, Zurich, 1755). His deportment in the sick room was invariably cheerful, and amid his deepest fits of despondency he strove to in- spire confidence and hope in his patients. In 1758 appeared his treatise on " National Pride " ( Vom Nationalstohe), which attracted much at- tention from the clearness and moderation of its views, and was speedily translated into the chief European languages. His work on " Ex- perience in Medicine" (Von. der ErfaJirung in der Arzneikunst, 2 vols., 1764; English trans- lation, 2 vols., London, 1782) likewise obtained a European reputation, and was instrumental