CARMACK.
CARNEGIE.
CARMACK, Edward Ward, representative,
was born near Castalian Springs, Tenn., Nov. 5,
1858 ; son of F. M. and Catherine Carmack, and
grandson of Cornelius Carmack. He attended
Webb's school, Tenn., and Jacinto academy.
Miss., was admitted to the bar in 1879 and prac-
tised in Columbia, Tenn. He was a Democratic
representative in the state legislature, 1884 ;
joined the editorial staff of the Nashville Amer-
ican in 1886 ; founded the Nashville Democrat
in 1888 ; became editor-iu-cliief when the two
J apers were combined under the name of the
Nashville American, and was subsequently edi-
tor of the Memphis Commercial. He was dele-
gate for the state at large to the Democratic
national convention in 1896, and was a repre-
sentative from the tenth Tennessee district in
the 55tli and 56th congresses, 1897-1901, and U.S.
senator, 1901-'07.
CARMALT, William H., educator, was born at Friendsville, Pa., Aug. 8, 1836, son of a Quaker. He studied medicine at the Boylston preparator}' school, Cambridge, Mass., and at the College of physicians and surgeons. New York, 1857-'61 ; served as interne in St. Luke's hospital. New York, in 1862, and engaged in practice in that city in 1863. He was assistant surgeon and surgeon to the New York eye and ear infirmary ; visiting ophthalmic surgeon to the Charity hospital and an assistant commissioner to the New Yoi'k state agricultural society in 1867 to investigate the dairy cows of the state. In 1870, desiring to make some especial studies in pathological an- atomj% he went to Europe, and after four years spent in Vienna, Breslau, Strasburg, and Paris, returned to tlie United States, and in the winter of 1876 was appointed to teach ophthalmology in the medical department of Yale college. In 1879 he was made professor of ophthalmolog}- and otol- ogy, and in 1881 was transferred to the chair of the principles and practice of surgery.
CARMAN, Bliss, journalist, was born at Fred- ericton, New Brunswick, April 15, 1861 ; son of William and Sophia (Bliss) Carman. He grad- uated from the University of New Brunswick, in 1881, and until 1888 studied at Edinburgh and Harvard. For a time he taught scliool. read law. and studied civil engineering. In 1890 he went to New York city, where, until 1893, he was office editor of the Independent. In 1894 he started the Chap-Book. and con- ducted it for a few months, disposing of his interest in the paper at the end of that time. His published writings include: Loiv Tide on the Grande Pre (1893. 2d ed., 1894) ; Songs from Vagabondia witii Richard Hovey (1894) ; .1 Seamark : a T7irenodi/ for Robert Lonis Steven- son (1895) ; Behind the Arras (1895): More Songs From Vagabondia, with Mr. Hovey (1897).
CARMICHAEL, Henry, chemist, was born in
Brooklyn, N. Y., March 5, 1846, son of Daniel and
Eliza (Otis) Carmichael. He was prepared for
college at the academy and high school of Am-
herst, Mass., and was graduated at Amherst col-
lege in 1867. He studied chemistry, mineralogy,
and geology at the University of Gottingen, Ger-
many, from 1868 to 1873. receiving in the latter
year the degree of Ph. D., and the highest rank
in his class. In 1872 he was professor of chemis-
try in Iowa college, Grinnell, Iowa, and from
1872 to 1886 was professor of chemistry and
allied sciences in Bowdoin college, at the same
time teaching in the Maine medical school, and
holding the position of assayer for the state of
Maine. While at Bowdoin he invented "indur-
ated fibre" which came into wide use in the
manufacture of pails, tubs, and other fibre ware.
In 1886 he removed to Boston, where he practised
as an analytical chemist and chemical engineer,
inventing several new processes of great value.
He succeeded in converting common salt into
chlorine by electricity, thus reducing the expense
of the process.
CARMICHAEL, William, diplomatist, was born in Maryland, whei-e he acquired a classical education. He went to Paris as secretary to the commissioners of the American states, Nov. 28, 1777, and on his return home was elected a dele- gate from Maryland to the Continental Congress, for the term 1778-'80. On Sept. 28. 1779, he went to Spain as secretary of legation, and on April 20, 1790, was appointed charge d'affaires, serving until May, 1794. While holding this office he attempted to negotiate jointly with William Short, a treaty concerning the free navigation of the Mississippi river, but was unsuccessful. He died in Maryland in February, 1795.
CARNAHAN, James, educator, was born in Carlisle, Pa., Nov. 15, 1775. He was graduated from the college of New Jersey in 1800, and was licensed to preach in April, 1804. In 1805 he was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry, and offi- ciated as pastor of the united churches of Whites- boro and Utica, N. Y., until 1814. From 1814 to 1823 he taught a school at Georgetown, D. C. From 1823 to 1854 he was president of the College of New Jersey, being the ninth in succession. In 1843 he was made president of the board of trustees of the Princeton theological seminary. Hamilton college conferred on him the degree of S.T. D. in 1821, and Princeton, that of LL.D. in 1854. Upon his retirement from the presidency of the college he was made a trustee. He died at Newark. N. J., March 2. 1859.
CARNEGIE, Andrew, manufacturer, was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, Nov. 25, 1S35; son of William Carnegie. • His father immigrated to the United States in 1847, and, after a short stay
