JACKSON
JACKSON
serving until 1847, wlien he resigned. He was
instrumental in opening up the great copper re-
gion of Lake Superior and developed the emery
mines in Chester, Mass., the first to be worked
successfully outside of the Grecian archipelago.
He claimed the discovery of the production of
anaesthesia by ether in the winter of 1841-43. It
was not till Oct. 16, 1846, that his discovery
was made public through the operation performed
by Dr. JohnC. Warren (q.v.) at the Massachusetts
General hospital, which at once led to its general
use by the profession. Dr. W. T. G. Morton
(q.v.), a dentist and pupil of Dr. Jackson, 1844,
obtained a patent for its use in November, 1846,
and in Europe, in December, 1846. Dr. Jackson
and Horace Wells (q.v.) contested Morton's pat-
ent. The French Academy of Sciences gave
Morton 2500 francs as the first to use it, at the
same time awarding Dr. Jackson the Montyon
prize of 2500 francs as discoverer. In 1852 a bill
was introduced in congress appropriating $100,-
000 to Morton. Meantime Dr. Jackson had
learned through Senator Dawson of Georgia
that Dr. Crawford W. Long (q.v.) had used sul-
phuric ether in surgical operations as early as
1841-43. He went to Georgia and satisfied him-
self of the priority of Long's discovery, and in
1854 the bill before congress was amended
so as to include the names of Jackson, Long,
Morton, and Wells. Among Di-. Jackson's other
scientific discoveries is a powerful blast-lamp for
alkaline fusions. He was a fellow of the Ameri-
can Academy; a member of the Geological Soci-
ety of France; the Impei'ial Mineralogical Society
of St. Petersburg; the Boston Society of Natural
History; the Academy of Natural Science of
Philadelphia; the Lyceum of Natural History of
New York; the Albany Institute; the Natural
History Society of Montreal; the Providence
Franklin society; the American Society of Nat-
uralists, of which he was chairman, 1845-46, and
an honorary member of the Maine Institute of
Natural Science. He was made Chevalier de
la Legion d'Honneur; Caviliere dell Ordine dei
S.S. Maurizio e dezzaro; Ritter des Rothen Ad-
ler; Knight of the Turkish Order of the Mejidich,
and received the order of the Red Eagle from the
King of Prussia. His was one of the sixteen
names submitted in " Class D, Inventors," for a
place in the Hall of Fame for Great Americans,
October, 1900, and received one vote, three names
in the class securing a place: Fulton, Morse and
Whitney. He is the author of: A DescrijMon
of the Mineralogy and Geology of Nova Scotia
(1828; revised 1839); Three Reports on the Geol-
ogy of the State of Maine (1837, 1838 and 1839);
Reports on the Geology of the Piiblic Lands Be-
longing to the two States of Massachusetts and
Maine (1837-38); Report on the Geological and
^. ^^U^^^
Agricultural Survey of Rhode Island (1840); The
Geology and Mineralogy of New Hampshire (1844) •
The Copper of the Lake Superior Region (1849);
Report on the Geological and Mineralogical Sur-
vey of the Mineral Lands of the United States in
the State of Michigan (1849); Manual of Ether-
ization (1861). He was mentally deranged, 1871-
80, and died at Somerville, Mass., Aug. 29, 1880,
JACKSON, Claiborne Fox, governor of Mis-
souri, was born in Fleming county, Ky., April 4,
1807. His parents were natives of Virginia, who
settled in Kentucky. They subsequently re-
moved to Missouri, and he was a merchant ia
Howard county and
commanded a com-
pany of volunteers
in the Black Hawk
war, taking part in
the decisive battle of
Bad Axe, Aug. 1-2,
1833. He retired
from business with
a fortune, in 1837.
He was a representa-
tive in the Missouri
legislature, 1836-48;
speaker of the house
for one term; a
member of the state
convention, 1845, and
a state senator, 1848-49. He helped to found
the banking system of the state, and was bank
commissioner for several years. He was elected
governor of the state in August, 1860, and in the
national election of that year supported the
Douglas ticket. When South Carolina seceded,
Governor Jackson declared himself a secessionist,
but failed to secure from the Missouri legisla-
ture that assembled, Dec. 31, 1860, the passage
of such an act. He then determined to use his
power as governor to secure possession of the
U.S. arsenal at St. Louis, then in command of
Capt. Nathaniel Lyon, U.S.A. He sent commis-
sioners to Montgomery, Ala., and they obtained
siege guns by order of President Davis, which
were shipped from Baton Rouge to St. Louis.
Meantime he organized Camp Jackson on the
hills overlooking the arsenal, and placed it in
command of Gen. D. M. Frost, supported by a
small brigade of volunteer militia. When Presi-
dent Lincoln called upon Missouri for her quota
to support the government, he replied that in his
opinion the requisition was " illegal, unconstitu-
tional and revolutionary in its object, inhuman
and diabolical," and that Missouri would not
furnish one man " to carry on such an unholy
crusade." He shortly after convened the legis-
lature and called for 50.000 volunteers for the
defence of the state from invasion. As soon as
