LONG
LONG
and political economy at Dartmouth, 1851-52 ;
professor of Christian theology in the Auburn
Theological seminary, 1852-54 ; professor of intel-
lectual philosophy and political economy at Dart-
mouth, 1854-61, and lecturer on moral and mental
pliilosophy at Western Keserve college, 1800-61.
He received the degree of D.D. from Dartmouth
in 1849, and that of LL.D. from Western Reserve
in 1860. He contributed to Bibliotheca Sacra.
He died at Hanover, N.H., Oct. 14, 1861.
LONG, Crawford Williamson, physician, was born in Danielsville, Ga., Nov. 1, 1815; son of James and Elizabeth (Ware) Long, and grandson of Capt. Samuel Long, an oflScer in the Ameri- can army in the Revolution, who served under
Lafayette at York- town. Captain Sam- uel, with his family and a colony of other Pennsylvanians, set- tled in middle Greorgia about 1785. James Long married Eliza- beth Ware, of Am- herst, Va. ; was elect- ed to the state sen- ate, and was a per- sonal and political friend of the Hon. William H. Craw- ford. His son, Craw- ford W., was a room- mate of Alexander H. Stephens at the Uni- versity of Georgia, and was graduated, A.B., 1835, and from the University of Pennsylvania, M.D., 1839. He spent one year in hospital prac- tice in New York city, and in 1841 settled in practice in Jefferson, Ga. About this time itin- erant lecturers on chemistry were accustomed to conclude their evening entertainments with an exhibition of the eflFects of " laughing gas." Dr. Long suggested that sulphuric ether would pro- duce the same effect, and its use for sport be- came common at social gatherings in the community, which often ended with so-called " ether frolics." His professional services in connection with the frolics in which cuts and bruises unattended with pain were discovered after the effects of the ether had passed off, led him to the discovery of the use of ether as an anaesthetic. This was in January, 1842, and his first surgical operation with the aid of ether was performed successfully in Jackson county, March 30, 1842, two and a half years before Dr. Horace Wells, of Hartford, discovered the amesthetic powers of nitrous oxide under similar circum- stances, and four and a half years before W. T. G. Morton administered it, at the request of Dr. John C. Warren, in the Massachusetts General
^^«M.^S»»-i/ ^:o.^5**^
Hospital in Boston. Dr. Long's discovery was
known at once not only in Jackson county, but
throughout the state of Georgia. His prac-
tice called for repeated trials of the use of
ether as an anaesthetic, notably on July 8, 1842 ;
Sept. 9, 1843, and Jan. 8, 1845 ; but it was not
until 1846 that he published a detailed account of
his discovery in the Southern Medical and Sur-
gical Journal. Dr. Long was married in 1842 to
Caroline Swain, niece of Gov. David Swain, of
North Carolina, and a cousin of Gen. Joseph
Lane, of Oregon. He removed to Athens, Ga.,
in 1851. In 1854 he first took part in the famous
ether controversy as carried on by Morton,
Jackson, and the friends of Horace Wells, by
writing Senator Dawson, of Georgia, who in-
duced Dr. Jackson to visit Dr. Long at his home
in Georgia, which he did, on March 8, 1854.
Dr. Jackson claimed that in February, 1842, he
breathed chlorine gas, and to relievo the pain and
effects he inhaled ether* and discovered that he
was insensible to pain. On hearing Long's account
of his discovery. Dr. Jackson wrote from Athens
to Senator Dawson in Washington, acknowledg-
ing the justice of Dr. Long's claims. The senator
read the letter in the senate, April 15, 1854, when
the bill to determine the discoverer of anaesthe-
sia in order to award the proper person an appro-
priation of $100,000, was before the senate for its
final reading, and at the instance of Senator
Dawson, Dr. Long's name was inserted in the
bill. Here the matter appears to have ended so
far as any action of congress affected the ques-
tion of the discoverer. In 1879 Henri L. Stuart
of New York city, caused a portrait of Dr. C. W,
Long to be painted by Frank B. Carpenter, and
he presented it to the University of Georgia to
be placed in the state capitol. After witnessing
the ceremony of presentation, Mr. Stuart pro-
ceeded to Dr. Long's late home at Athens, Ga. ,
intending to visit his grave. Dr. Long having
died in Athens the year before. Arriving late at
night, he was stricken with paralysis before
morning, and after a brief illness died. His re-
mains were deposited in a grave next that of
the benefactor he had sought to honor. See
- ' Long, the Discoverer of Anaesthesia," in 77ie
Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, August-Sep- tember, 1897, by Hugh H. Young, A.M.. M.D. Dr. Long died in Athens, Ga., June 16, 1878.
LONG, Daniel Albright, educator, was born near Graham, N.C., May 22, 1844 ; son of Jacob and Jane (Stockard) Long, and great-grandson of James and Ellen Stockard and of Conrad and Catherine Long. He was prepared for college by his brother, the Rev. Dr. William Samuel Ix)ng, and by the Rev. Dr. Alexander Wilson ; attended the University of North Carolina. 1866- 68, and received the degree of A.M. in 1871. He
