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NOTES TO THE FOURTH BOOK OF THE COURTIER V's widow Catherine), and Margaret Beaufort, whose paternal grandfather was an illegitimate half-brother of Henry IV. After the downfall of the House of Lancaster and the death of the young York princes, Henry suc- ceeded in gathering a strong party, landed in England and wrested the crown from Richard III, 1485. Soon afterwards, by his marriage to Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York, he united the hostile factions that had so long harassed the kingdom. As a ruler he was avaricious, calculating, and far from popular. He is said to have left a treasure of £2,000,000 sterling. The marriage of his daughter Margaret to James IV of Scotland finally led (on the failure of his son's issue) to the accession of the Stuarts in the person of her grandson, James I. Note 461, page 276. This is consistent with the earlier passage (see page 8) where Castiglione pretends to have been absent in England at the date of the Courtier dialogues. An earlier MS. version here reads: "as we are told by our friend Castiglione, who has just returned from England," which accords with what we have seen (note 23) to be the fact. Note 462, page 276. Don Carlos, afterwards the Emperor Charles V, (born 1500; died 1558), was the son of the Emperor Maximilian's son Philip of Austria, and of Juana, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic. Born and bred in the Low Countries, and educated at least partly under the care of the future pope Adrian VI, he is said to have shown less taste for study than for military exercises, and on his accession to the Spanish throne in 1516, he was ignorant of the Spanish language. By right of his grandmother Mary of Burgundy, he already held the Netherlands. As representative of the house of Aragon, he was king of Naples and Sicily. On the death of his grandfather Maximilian in 1519, he inherited Austria, and (in spite of the rivalry of Francis I and the intrigues of Leo X) was elected Emperor; — thus achieving, without a blow, a dominion vaster than any in Europe since the time of Charlemagne. In an earlier MS. version the text here reads: "Then messer Bernardo Bib- biena said: 'I do not think that any of those present, except myself, have seen the prince Don Carlos, who, having recently lost such a father as the king Don Philip was, has shown such courage and wisdom in this great bereave- ment, that although he has not reached the tenth year of his age, we may nevertheless regard him as competent to rule over all his hereditary posses- sions, vast though they be,— and that the Empire of Christendom (which men think will be in his hands) must grow not a little in power and dignity.' " Note 463, page 279. FederICO Gonzaga, the first Duke of Mantua, (born 1500; died 1540), was the son of the Marquess Gianfrancesco Gonzaga and Isabella d'Este. At the age of ten he spent some time as the hostage-guest of Julius II at Rome, where he seems to have been generally caressed. Ra- phael is known to have introduced the boy's face into one of the Vatican fres- coes, and a little later to have painted his portrait. Having succeeded his father as marquess in 1519, he waged war for Leo X against the French. In