352 THE BUILDING NEWS. May 3, 1872.
course isa different matter, as it is perfectly
legitimate for the descending pipe to be bent
out and carried down face of base. In some
cases, however, even the base is returned and
the pipe carried down perpendicularly in line
with wall front, and then brought out under-
ground by means of a bend or ‘ elbow.”
Rain-water conductors are made of lead,
zine, and cast-iron (in many country places
both eave-gutters and pipes are often of wood,
for the rain-water pipes, and as waste pipes from the kitchen sinks. Fig. 108 shows con- ductor with rain-water head, carrying off water from gutter N ; O being rain-water head, P off- set at plinth, and Q shoe at bottom to go into drain. In place of shoe Q many prefera bend or elbow here, one reason being that it projects out further. Whenitis necessary to cut one of these iron pipes, or toreduce its length, it may be done either by filing it round where it is wished to be cut, or else by chipping off the portion that is too long. Or, again, short pieces can be had from the foundry. The iron spikes, Fig. 109, referred to above, are made from 3in. to 5in. long and from about gin. to }in. thick. Although the designs for rain-water heads shown above are exe- cuted in iron, yet both lead and zine heads are often used. Iron, however, is largely superseding lead for this purpose. When the rain-water pipes are carried down inside the house and connected to drain, care must
be taken that all the joints are properly and securely made. Upon jointing the pipes, however, we shall treat more at large as we
but that appertains to the joiner or carpenter), and they may be either round, square, or semi- circular. ‘There are various ways of support- ing them. The simplest way is by driving in holdfasts which clasp pipe and press it close against wall ; but, except in the case of round iron pipes, these neither look nor hold so well as other systems of fastening. The hook-and-eye fastening does well for either lead or zine conductors. The eye H, Fig. 104, is a piece of strong sheet copper, about one-tenth of an inch thick, and about 2in. square, bent round, as per Fig. 105, and strongly soldered on each side to back of pipe. This copper eye comes down on the iron hook
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I, Fig. 104; I being driven firmly into joint of wall. In order to allow H to slip down over I, a small niche must be cut in wall as at J, Fig. 104, for that purpose. In tinning the copper, and in order to do it properly, it is best to file the surface with a sharp
- bastard” file, which enables the solder to
take a firm hold by rivetting itself as it were among the channels left by the teeth of the file. When the copper eye is to be soldered on to a lead pipe, it is best to use rosin in tinning the copper. Some, from laziness, tin the copper without filing it, by using diluted spirits of salts (see page 212), but this makes a bad job, the solder not holding properly, in fact it often gives way from this cause. I may here mention that when tinning iron with diluted spirits of salts, a small strip of zinc is
go on to speak of soil-pipes and waste-
pipes, &c.
Another plan in use for leading away the
water from the gutters is to have drip-boxes
on top of rain-water pipes as per R, Fig.
110. These drip-boxes are of various sizes,
some may be Ift. deep and the same in length
and width. Others less, just as they may
have to suit the place. A perforated grating,
S, and an overflow pipe, T, ought to be put
infor them. Perforated gratings ought also
to be put in on mouth of pipe from other
gutters, as per dotted line below N, Fig. 108.
(To be continued.)
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NOTES ON EARTHWORK.—V.
a good thing to use for putting spirits on with ; using a piece of wood for that purpose has a bad effect.
RAILWAY cutting is worked in lifts
of 7ft. or Sft. in height. When the
ends have been cleared away by barrow
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In using zine pipes, instead of making the NS work a gullet with vertical sides is cut along eyes out of copper they may be made out of NS the centre line of the cutting and near its a piece of strong zinc. Sheet brass may also INSS bottom, and a road is formed with temporary be used ; and in the cas i Ss ee Cnmets ; i e used ; and in the case of lead pipes, where SSS rails, Sometimes the engineer will allow the neither copper nor brass can be had, a piece of good strong lead may often serve the pur- pose, only it must not be put on too narrow, for short eyes tear the pipe. In the case of zine pipes, one eye in each length may often do, and even in 3in. lead pipes one good eye ina 6ft.-length holds it for many years, but for a larger size of pipe, or all the better job, two eyes in the length will do best. Another plan of supporting lead or zine conductors is by means of bands put round and soldered to pipes, which bands have iron spikes driven through them and into wall. ‘The iron pipes are supported by iron bands, or ‘ loose ears,” as well as by attached ears ; the latter are cast in one with pipe. . It often happens that one main down spout has to receive one or more branch pipes. If these branch pipes are the same size as main down spout then the branches cast on to main spout require to have faucits, as per L L, Fig. 106 ; but if the branch pipes be smaller than main spout then the branches cast on may do without faucits, as per M M, Vig. 107, only care must be taken in this latter case (say, by marking it) to see that the branch pipe is not slipped in too far, and thereby choking up passage. The branches with faucits cast on, as per L L, Fig. 106, may be had of various sizes—e.7., supposing the perpendicular pipe, Fig. 106, were 4in. in diameter, then the branches L L cast on might be made 3in. in diameter, or if the main spout were 3in. then the branches might be 2in., and so on. These iron conductors are generally made in 6ft. lengths, and of various diameters. The round pipes vary from 1}in. up to Sin. in diameter. The square iron pipes are made from 2}in. by 2in. up to 6in. by Gin. The iron offsets can also be cast to suit any slope of plinth. The round pipe 3in. in diameter is a size that is largely used in common house work Fis.!06
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rails of the future permanent way to be used by the contractor as soon as he shall have progressed with the work sufficiently to allow a considerable length to be laid down (and when this is done it is made one of the con- ditions of the contract, with the object of reducing the amount), but temporary rails are used for the two ends of the work, the cutting and the head of the embankment, where they have to be frequently removed and replaced as the work proceeds. ‘The temporary rails are only about half the weight of the permanent rails, or even one-third in in some cases, for a contractor’s rail weighs from 25lb. to 30lb. per yard, while some permanent rails weigh 80!b. per yard. When an embankment is formed to the full height at once, and of the top width that it is intended it shall remain at (say 30ft.), three tips are as many as can be conveniently worked; but by widening out the top and making the slopes temporarily steeper than they are intended to be left, four tips can be worked, which gives much advantage in disposing quickly of the stuff from the cutting ; the top part of the slopes being afterwards pulled down and thrown towards the foot, and the slope trimmed off to the required batter. It is the rate at which the stuff can be tipped at the head of the embankment which governs the time in which a cutting can be made, and not the number of men whe can be set to work in the cutting, although the work in the cutting must at the same time be managed so that a sufficient number of men be employed to sup- ply the tip with the maximum quantity capable of being disposed of there, and a sufficient number of faces from which the earth is to be got must be arranged so as to allow not less than 4ft. in width to each getter, but from 5ft. to 6ft. is better.
