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576 Non-English Writings I ance, as he had been an earnest advocate of the free public schools. His paper circulated not among the sectarians, but among the much larger bodies of Lutheran, Reformed, and Moravian Germans of Pennsylvania and neighbouring colonies. During the stormy period preceding the Revolution Miller's Staatsbote was unquestionably by far the most influential German newspaper, while Saur's Germantowner Zeitung de- clined hopelessly. As many as thirty-eight newspapers printed in the German language appeared between the years 1732 and 1801. Many of them had a very short life, among them the first attempt, the fortnightly Philadelphische Zeitung, a German edition of Ben- jamin Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette. Copies of twenty-five of the thirty-eight German newspapers of the eighteenth cen- tury have come down to us, and of the six most important among them an abundant supply has survived to testify to their character and circulation. Of Saur's paper about 350 issues are available, between 1739 and 1777; of Miller's Staatsbote about 900, published between 1762 and 1779; of the Philadel- phische Correspondenz more than 950, between 1781 and 1800; of the Germantauner Zeitung (not Saur's) 246, between 1785 and 1793; of the Neue Unpartheyische Lancaster Zeitung 465, between 1787 and 1800; of the Neue Unpartheyische Readinger Zeitung about 600, between 1789 and 1800. To this list of leading papers there should be added one bom very near the end of the century, the Reading Adler, which lasted for more than a century, from 1796 to 191 7, and of which complete files exist.' Postbellum newspapers in German were more numerous than German papers before 1780, and especially toward the end of the century, during the party strife between Federalists and Republicans, was there an acceleration of newspaper pro- duction in the German language. Facile princeps among them was the Philadelphische Correspondenz, established in 1781. It lived for more than thirty years, though with many vicissi- tudes. Its best period was the first decade of its career, when its publisher, Steiner, secured as editors the two Lutheran ministers the Rev. J. C. Kunze and the Rev. J. H. C. Helmuth, ■ The statistics in the above paragraph are taken from the investigations of James O. Knauss. See Bibliography.