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180

THE CHURCH

(8) A. D. 1047 Benedict, who got into the papacy by simony, an illiterate man, had another consecrated pope with himself to perform the ecclesiastical duties for him—namely, Sylvester; and, as this did not please many, a third was brought in who was to fill the places of the other two.

(9) A. D. 1046, when at Rome one pope was contending against two and two against one over the papacy, King Henry proceeded to Rome against them; and when they were deposed, Clement was chosen to preside. By him Henry was consecrated emperor, and the Romans swore never again to elect a pope without the emperor’s consent. Then was constituted the law, III Reg., 2, that, following the example of Solomon, the king in case of necessity is bound to depose the pontiff. Then King Henry humbly received at the hands of Clement consecration, and thereafter without such confirmation no other was to be regarded as emperor. But why was this necessary in accordance with the law of God, since, prior to the institution of the cardinals, it was held that the pope was elected by the people of Rome?^[1]

(10) A. D. 1068, while two were contending at Rome for the papacy and Alexander, after he had established his innocence against the charge of simony, was received and Cadalus, bishop of Parma, condemned. Hence, it was said: "Cadalus, in Parma, was made by me bow and arms. Cadalus died; Parma was made a ruin."^[2]

(11) A. D. 1083 Henry broke into the city of Rome and placed Wibert in the apostolic chair. Hildebrand departed to Beneventum, where he remained till his death.^[3]

him aside and restored Leo VIII, Benedict being placed under charge of the archbishop of Hamburg and dying in Germany.

↑ The three popes disposed of at Sutri, 1046.
↑ Alexander II, 1061–1073, gave offense by being elected by the cardinals and entering upon the papacy without the emperor's confirmation. Agnes, the queen regent and mother of Henry IV, called a synod, which elected Cadalus, of Parma, known as Honorius II. The latter died 1072.
↑ This is the famous Wibert of Ravenna, Clement III, who was elected antipope at the instance of Henry IV against Henry's opponent, Gregory VII.

[2] The three popes disposed of at Sutri, 1046.

[3] Alexander II, 1061–1073, gave offense by being elected by the cardinals and entering upon the papacy without the emperor's confirmation. Agnes, the queen regent and mother of Henry IV, called a synod, which elected Cadalus, of Parma, known as Honorius II. The latter died 1072.

[p180-4] This is the famous Wibert of Ravenna, Clement III, who was elected antipope at the instance of Henry IV against Henry's opponent, Gregory VII.

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[2]

[3]