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472 CAIRNS in the Elswick Ordnance Company. A Conservative. He d. unm., in his 42nd year, being found dead in his bed at the Union Golf Club, Cannes, 14, and was bur. 23 Jan. 1905, at Bournemouth.(^) He was sue. by his br. and h., who is outside the scope of this work. CAIRO See "WoLSELEY OF Cairo (*") and of Wolseley, co. Stafford" Barony {Woheley cr. 1882. CAITHNESS(=) Obsetvations. Caithness with Sutherland, was one of the Seven Provinces of transmarine Scotland in the 9th century,('^) though it does not appear to have ever been numbered among "the Seven Earldoms" (Mor- maerships) of that Kingdom. Temporary possession of it was, till the i ith century, often obtained by the Norsemen from Orkney, which islands they began to colonize late in the 9th century, at the close of which epoch the title of Jarl, or Earl, of Orkney, was bestowed on one Sigurd, the first of that name. "The Earldom of Caithness was possessed for many generations by the Norwegian Earls of Orkney. They held the islands of Orkney under the King of Norway according to Norwegian custom, by which the title of Jarl, or Earl, was a personal one. They held the Earldom of Caithness under the Kine of Scotland and its tenure was in accordance with the laws of Scot- o land. " We find from the Orkneyinga Saga that during this period the Orkney Islands were frequently divided into two portions and [that] each half [was] held by different members of the Norwegian family, who each bore the title of Earl. We likewise find that the Earldom of Caithness was at such times also frequently divided and [that] each half [was] held by different Earls of Orkney, though whether both bore the title of Earl of Caithness does not appear."('=) (^) He was trained as an engineer, and worked for some years in Armstrong's gun factory. He was an excellent rifle shot, and travelled widely in pursuit of big game. V.G. (*■) For remarks on this and similar titles chosen to commemorate foreign achieve- ments, see vol. iii, Appendix E. V.G. (') See an article on this Earldom by Skene in the Proceedings of the Society of Anti- quaries of Scotland, vol. xii, p. 571, reprinted in Skene's Celtic Scotland (1880), vol. iii, pp. 448-453. Following, as far as possible, that able article, each " Jarl of Orkney," who sue. Thorfinn, is here credited with being also Earl of Caithness [S.], though conclusive proof, that such, universally, was the case, is apparently unattainable. ("*) See some account of these seven Provinces of the Pictish Kingdom in the re- marks under Angus, vol. i, p. 141.