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four hundred miles of Plains that are now barren of oak. Between the Rocky Mountain oak of northern Colorado and the westernmost extension of the eastern Quercus macrocarpa in northwestern Nebraska is a stretch of fully two hundred miles. In the Black Hills of the South Dakota-Wyoming boundary, this same eastern oak comes into contact with the Rocky Mountain Quercus Gambelii, but this could at most

FIGS. 11-12. PHYLOGENETIC ORIGINS IN PHILONIX AND ATRUSCA