rapher who appears never to have seen two-thirds of the species involved.
The characters on which we base our present interpretation have been discussed in the first part of this study. We may repeat that we know no single character, morphologic, physiologic, or biologic, by which a Cynips may invariably be recognized. A hairy thorax, complete parapsidal grooves, undivided foveal groove, hypopygial spine which is broadened nearer the tip; a monothalamous, fundamentally spherical, separable leaf gall, occurring on a white oak; and the maturing of the adult early in the fall with emergence delayed until the winter—this is a combination of characters that will distinguish most of the agamic forms. The use of the dorsally produced and largely naked abdomen and the toothed tarsal claw of the genotype, folii, as diagnostic characters would lead to the inclusion of many species that do not belong and the exclusion of more species that do belong to true Cynips. The existence of both long-winged and short-winged species in the same genus is discussed in pages 25 to 36 of this study.
In the following treatment, each variety is handled under the following heads:
Synonymical Bibliography.
Comparative Descriptions: female, male, gall.
Range.
Types: data upon and location of type specimens.
Original Descriptions: quoted only if types have not been available for this study.
Inquilines.
Parasites.
Biologic and Phylogenetic Discussion.
All data presented in this study are original unless accredited (“acc.”) to other sources in the literature or to friends who have provided insects and galls for my use. All locality records apply to both insect and gall material examined unless specifically given for galls only or upon the basis of published authority.
The nomenclature follows the International Rules with one exception: Names originally published with a quercus or Q. between the generic and specific term are considered polynomials and without nomenclatorial standing under Opinion 50 of the Code, but accepted in this study as binomials—
