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CHAPTER II

THE PERSIAN AND ARAB CONQUESTS

 

(a) The Arabian authors previously named: Patrologia Orientalis, i. 4, Peter i. to Benjamin i., Arabic text and Eng. trans.; Theophanes, Chronographia; John of Nikiou, Chronicle, French trans.; Malan, Documents of the Coptic Church, especially Makrizi, Hist. of Copts; Renaudot, Historia Patriarcharum Alexandrinorum Jacobitarum (18th cent.).

(b) Gibbon, chaps, xlvii. and li.; Neale, Patriarchate of Alexandria; Mrs. Butcher, History of the Church in Egypt, 1897; Butler, Arab Conquest of Egypt, 1902; Lane Poole, Hist. of Egypt in the Middle Ages, 1907.

 

The position of the Copts at the time of the Persian and Arab conquests of Egypt is without parallel in history. Two successive invasions swept over their country with but a short interval between them. This interval witnessed the brilliant exploits of Heraclius, who rescued the Byzantine Empire when it seemed likely to break down utterly and finally, and gave it a new lease of life, though not any approach to its former splendour. Now the question is, What was the attitude of the Copts during these three kaleidoscopic changes of the map of Empire? They were the persecuted native Christians of Egypt who had been robbed of their ecclesiastical revenues and finest churches, and who saw the alien Greek Melchites, themselves but the shadow of a church, enjoying these ancient endowments and possessions. They could have felt no sense of loyalty towards their great oppressor, the Byzantine government. Nevertheless it is certain that they did not help or encourage the Persian invaders. This is proved by the cruel treatment they received. There were no

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